Converting crystalline thermosetting urea–formaldehyde resins to amorphous polymer using modified nanoclay

Wibowo, Eko Setio; Lubis, Muhammad Adly Rahandi; Park, Byung‐Dae; Kim, Jong Sik; Causin, Valerio

doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2020.03.014

Cited by 63 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Traditional synthetic adhesives used in the production of wood-based panels are based on fossil-derived constituents, mainly urea, melamine, and phenol [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. At present, about 95% of total wood adhesives used in the production of wood-based panels are formaldehyde-based resins [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…UF resins are thermosetting resins, the product of a reaction between urea and formaldehyde. These resins have been widely used in the production of engineered wood-based panels as a result of their numerous advantages, e.g., low press temperatures, short press times, excellent strength properties, chemical versatility, and a relatively low price [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. The main drawback of UF resins, apart from their lower water resistance in comparison with phenol and melamine formaldehyde resins [ 31 ], is the release of hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOC) and free formaldehyde from the final UF-bonded products, especially with indoor use [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eco-Friendly, High-Density Fiberboards Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde and Ammonium Lignosulfonate

et al. 2021

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The potential of producing eco-friendly, formaldehyde-free, high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels from hardwood fibers bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and a novel ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) is investigated in this paper. HDF panels were fabricated in the laboratory by applying a very low UF gluing factor (3%) and ALS content varying from 6% to 10% (based on the dry fibers). The physical and mechanical properties of the fiberboards, such as water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), as well as formaldehyde content, were determined in accordance with the corresponding European standards. Overall, the HDF panels exhibited very satisfactory physical and mechanical properties, fully complying with the standard requirements of HDF for use in load-bearing applications in humid conditions. Markedly, the formaldehyde content of the laboratory fabricated panels was extremely low, ranging between 0.7–1.0 mg/100 g, which is, in fact, equivalent to the formaldehyde release of natural wood.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-Friendly, High-Density Fiberboards Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde and Ammonium Lignosulfonate

et al. 2021

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“…[ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Nowadays, approximately 95% of the total adhesives used for manufacturing wood composites, are formaldehyde-based resins [ 31 ], with urea-formaldehyde resins being the most predominant type, with an estimated global consumption of 11 million tons/year [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Despite their numerous advantages of conventional synthetic thermosetting adhesives, such as excellent adhesion properties and water resistance, ease of handling, low curing temperature, short press times, relative cost-effectiveness, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-Friendly Fiberboard Panels from Recycled Fibers Bonded with Calcium Lignosulfonate

et al. 2021

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The potential of using residual softwood fibers from the pulp and paper industry for producing eco-friendly, zero-formaldehyde fiberboard panels, bonded with calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) as a lignin-based, formaldehyde free adhesive, was investigated in this work. Fiberboard panels were manufactured in the laboratory by applying CLS addition content ranging from 8% to 14% (on the dry fibers). The physical and mechanical properties of the developed composites, i.e., water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), as well as the free formaldehyde emission, were evaluated according to the European norms. In general, only the composites, developed with 14% CLS content, exhibited MOE and MOR values, comparable with the standard requirements for medium-density fiberboards (MDF) for use in dry conditions. All laboratory-produced composites demonstrated significantly deteriorated moisture-related properties, i.e., WA (24 h) and TS (24 h), which is a major drawback. Noticeably, the fiberboards produced had a close-to-zero formaldehyde content, reaching the super E0 class (≤1.5 mg/100 g), with values, ranging from 0.8 mg/100 g to 1.1 mg/100 g, i.e., equivalent to formaldehyde emission of natural wood. The amount of CLS adhesive had no significant effect on formaldehyde content.

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“…Urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives are by far the most widely used thermosetting resins for manufacturing plywood and other types of interior-grade wood-based composites [1][2][3], accounting for nearly 85% of the total amino resins produced worldwide with an approximate annual volume of 11 million tons/year [4][5][6]. The wide industrial application of these resins in the production of wood-based composites is due to their significantly strength performance, chemical versatility, short press times, low curing temperatures, solubility in water, colorless glue line, ease of handling, and a relatively low cost [7][8][9][10]. However, the main drawbacks of UF resins are the significantly lower water resistance, or surface treatment with paints, lacquers, veneers, and papers [51][52][53], and (d) the use of alternative adhesive, bio-based adhesive systems [54][55][56][57][58][59][60].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing

et al. 2021

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The potential of using ground birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) bark as an eco-friendly additive in urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives for plywood manufacturing was investigated in this work. Five-ply plywood panels were fabricated in the laboratory from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) veneers bonded with UF adhesive formulations comprising three addition levels of birch bark (BB) as a filler (10%, 15%, and 20%). Two UF resin formulations filled with 10% and 20% wheat flour (WF) were used as reference samples. The mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity and shear strength) of the laboratory-fabricated plywood panels, bonded with the addition of BB in the adhesive mixture, were evaluated and compared with the European standard requirements (EN 310 and EN 314-2). The mechanical strength of the plywood with the addition of BB in the adhesive mixture is acceptable and met the European standard requirements. Markedly, the positive effect of BB in the UF adhesive mixture on the reduction of formaldehyde emission from plywood panels was also confirmed. Initially, the most significant decrease in formaldehyde release (up to 14%) was measured for the plywood sample, produced with 15% BB. After four weeks, the decrease in formaldehyde was estimated up to 51% for the sample manufactured with 20% BB. The performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), also confirmed the findings of the study. As this research demonstrated, BB as a waste or by-product of wood processing industry, can be efficiently utilized as an environmentally friendly, inexpensive alternative to WF as a filler in UF adhesive formulations for plywood manufacturing.

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Converting crystalline thermosetting urea–formaldehyde resins to amorphous polymer using modified nanoclay

Cited by 63 publications

References 44 publications

Eco-Friendly, High-Density Fiberboards Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde and Ammonium Lignosulfonate

Eco-Friendly, High-Density Fiberboards Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde and Ammonium Lignosulfonate

Eco-Friendly Fiberboard Panels from Recycled Fibers Bonded with Calcium Lignosulfonate

Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing

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