Cookies enriched with anethole and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside from flaxseed and fennel seeds improve hypercholesterolemia, lipid profile, and liver functions: A pilot study

Abstract

Over millennia, flaxseeds and fennel seeds have captured greater attention owing to the broad spectrum of bioactive compounds and their respective therapeutic potential. They are well-known therapeutic plants, frequently used in home treatments for a variety of medical conditions. The novelty of this pilot study is to assess the beneficial health effects of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and anethole-based enriched cookies among hyperlipidemic patients. The result of sensory evaluation revealed that cookies with anethole and SDG (500 + 500 mg/day) were significantly acceptable in terms of color, texture, taste, and overall acceptability same as that of control. This study was performed among 34 patients with hyperlipidemia in a university-affiliated hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.

Pharmacological, nutraceutical, and nutritional properties of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): An insight into its functionality and disease mitigation

“…Baked products are the most common foods containing flaxseed. Baking at temperatures as high as 178°C for 2 h, for example, had no effect on the composition or concentration of ALA in a cooked muffin (Chen et al, 1994 ; Noreen, Rehman, et al, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Badar Ul Ain, Awuchi, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Badar Ul Ain, Ali, et al, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Tufail, et al, 2023 ). The addition of flavoring to baked goods also allows for the masking of any less‐than‐ideal flavor character caused by flaxseed bitterness or slight rancidity.…”

“…The results revealed that flaxseed supplementation was tolerated well by the patients and led to exceptional and consistent decreased levels of LDL and total cholesterol. However, it had no significant effects on lipoprotein a, interleukin 6 (IL‐6), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) (Kanikowska et al, 2020 ; Noreen, Rehman, et al, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Badar Ul Ain, Awuchi, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Badar Ul Ain, Ali, et al, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Tufail, et al, 2023 ). A report suggested that 15 g of ground flaxseed consumed by hyperlipidemic patients on long‐term consumption of Vitamin E (800 IU per day) significantly reduced serum cholesterol in elderly subjects enrolled in a 3‐month feeding trial.…”

“…In the late twentieth century, little was understood about the health‐related advantages of flaxseed and how to ingest flaxseed to get any health benefits. The amount of research on the benefits of eating flaxseed has expanded considerably (Brown et al, 2018 ; Noreen, Rehman, et al, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Badar Ul Ain, Awuchi, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Badar Ul Ain, Ali, et al, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Tufail, et al, 2023 ). The bioactive found in flaxseed provide these health benefits in many circumstances, and the forms of flaxseed that are necessary to supply these bioactive to the body.…”

“…The amount of lin plant foods is highest in flaxseeds, which is about 800 times greater than in other plant foods consumed (Patil, 2017 ). Scientists evaluated a water‐soluble flaxseed extract and identified excess proteins, water‐soluble carbohydrates, and phenolic chemicals, particularly secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), ferulic acid, pinoresinol, lariciresinol, and matairesinol (Waszkowiak & Barthet, 2015 ; Noreen, Rehman, et al, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Badar Ul Ain, Awuchi, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Badar Ul Ain, Ali, et al, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Tufail, et al, 2023 ). During the ingestion of flaxseeds, SDG metabolized and converted into two mammalian lignans, Enterodiol (END) and Enterolactone (ENL) with the help of gut microbiota (Taibi et al, 2021 ).…”