“…7, 12 we follow the widely used intermediation approach (Sealey and Lindley, 1977). We characterise three proxies for inputs: x 1 interest expenses (Glass et al, 2014;Liu and Tone, 2008), x 2 fixed assets (Assaf et al, 2011;Fukuyama and Weber, 2008), and x 3 general and administrative expenses 13 (Drake and Hall, 2003;Liu and Tone, 2008). We define our outputs in line with Barros et al (2009), Assaf et al 2011, Barros et al (2012) as y 1 net loans and bills discounted, and y 2 net earning assets which include net investments, securities, and other earning assets.…”