Abstract-Channel estimation error problem is among the main causes of performance degradation in wireless networks. In this paper, we investigate the impact of cooperative communications on mitigating the effect of channel estimation error. Two main performance criteria, namely, the traditional outage probability and the proposed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gap ratio, are utilized to characterize such impact. The SNR gap ratio measures the reduction in the SNR due to channel estimation error. Taking into consideration the channel estimation error, we show that the outage probability is reduced by utilizing cooperative transmission. We also show that cooperative transmission results in lower SNR gap ratio compared to that of the direct transmission. Thus, cooperative transmission is less susceptible to the effect of channel estimation error compared to direct transmission. Finally, we illustrate that increasing the number of cooperating relays reduces the effect of the channel estimation error more.
I. INTRODUCTIONRecently, cooperative communications for wireless networks have gained much interest due to its ability to mitigate fading in wireless networks through achieving spatial diversity, while resolving the difficulties of installing multiple antennas on small communication terminals. Cooperative communication protocols make use of the broadcast nature of wireless channels, where a number of relay nodes are assigned to help a source in forwarding its information to its destination, hence forming a virtual antenna array. Various cooperative diversity protocols were proposed and analyzed in [4]. It was shown that the conventional cooperative communication scenario, in which each of the available N relays forwards the source's information over an orthogonal channel (e.g. time or frequency slot), achieves full diversity order equal to N +1. However, the bandwidth efficiency drops to 1/(N + 1) symbols per channel use (SPCU). In [5], [6] various relay selection cooperative schemes, in which only one relay forwards the source's information, have been proposed. It was illustrated that relay-selection cooperative schemes achieve high bandwidth efficiency while guaranteeing full diversity order. Distributed space-time cooperative schemes, in which the helping relays simultaneously forward modified version of the source's information, have been proposed and analyzed in [7], [8]. It was shown that distributed cooperative schemes, under certain conditions, can achieve full diversity order.Channel estimation error, caused possibly by Doppler shift or noise on the pilot signals, can cause dramatic performance degradation in wireless networks. In [9], it was examined that