Cooperative interaction of antimicrobial peptides with the interrelated immune pathways in plants

Abstract

SUMMARYPlants express a diverse repertoire of functionally and structurally distinct antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which provide innate immunity by acting directly against a wide range of pathogens. AMPs are expressed in nearly all plant organs, either constitutively or in response to microbial infections. In addition to their direct activity, they also contribute to plant immunity by modulating defence responses resulting from pathogen-associated molecular pattern/effector-triggered immunity, and also interact with other AMPs and pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinases, reactive oxygen species, hormonal cross-talk and sugar signalling. Such links among AMPs and defence signalling pathways are poorly understood and there is no clear model for their interactions. This article provides a critical review of the empirical data to shed light on the wider role of AMPs in the robust and resource-effective defence responses of plants.

Induction of defence-related enzymes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants treated with Bacillus subtilis CBR05 against Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

“…Defense-related enzymes have a broad action spectrum and play a significant role in plant-pathogen interactions (De Leon and Montesano, 2013;Bolouri Moghaddam et al, 2015). In our study, the activities of defense-related enzymes including SOD, CAT, POD, and PPO considerably increased after treated by B. subtilis CBR05.…”

“…Also, or peroxidases are key enzymes in the cell-wall-building process, and it has been suggested that extracellular peroxidases would increase resistance in various plant species against phytopathogens (Cavalcanti et al, 2006;Taheri & Taheri, 2012). As a result of plant-microbe interaction, plants trigger molecular mechanisms that pass on to the rapid production of the high amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (De Leon & Montesano, 2013;Bolouri Moghaddam et al, 2015). Thus, to overcome ROS toxicity, plants produce enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that scavenge oxygen species.…”

Expression of PR-protein genes and induction of defense-related enzymes by Bacillus subtilis CBR05 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants challenged with Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora

“…7,[22][23][24] As a result of plant-pathogen interaction, molecular mechanisms leading to rapid production of the high amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and production of lytic enzymes or other chemicals with antimicrobial activity are triggered. 25,26) Despite these activities, ROS react easily with several biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Enhanced level of ROS causes oxidative damage to lipid, protein, and DNA leading to altered intrinsic membrane properties like fluidity, ion transport, loss of enzyme activity, protein crosslinking, inhibition of protein synthesis, DNA damage, ultimately resulting in necrosis, and cell death.…”

ghr-miR5272a-mediated regulation of GhMKK6 gene transcription contributes to the immune response in cotton

“…MAPKs generally phosphorylate their target proteins, including enzymes or transcription factors, to control the synthesis of defence hormones and signalling molecules ( Bolouri Moghaddam et al , 2016 ). However, few studies have examined the regulation of MAPK gene expression.…”