“…In order to protect the target, a widely discussed topic in recent years is the active defense countermeasure, whereby a defending missile (or a defender) is launched from the target or a target-friendly platform to intercept the attacking missile. There are several approaches to investigating the active defense problem, including optimal control [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ], differential game [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], sliding mode control [ 11 ], and line-of-sight guidance [ 12 , 13 ]. In [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ], the authors used optimal control theory to derive cooperative guidance laws for target and defender with the assumption that the pursuit guidance law of an attacking missile is fixed and known.…”