“…More recently, several studies in the management science and operations management literature have analyzed the economic implications of settings where competitors cooperate in certain business activities (Banker et al, 1998;Akcay and Tan, 2008;Ge and Hu, 2008;Wu et al, 2008;Chen and Roma, 2011;Zhang and Frazier, 2011;Kumar Jena and Sarmah, 2014;Chen et al, 2015). Zhang (2006) points out that today's supply chain economy comprises several supply chains, such as Walmart, Target, and Sears Holdings, which compete in the same business but also cooperate in material procurement, resource utilization, utility consumption, and distribution patterns.…”