Cooperative Secret Sharing Using QR Codes and Symmetric Keys

Quick response (QR) codes are becoming increasingly popular in various areas of life due to the advantages of the error correction capacity, the ability to be scanned quickly and the capacity to contain meaningful content. The distribution of dark and light modules of a QR code looks random, but the content of a code can be decoded by a standard QR reader. Thus, a QR code is often used in combination with visual secret sharing (VSS) to generate meaningful shadows. There may be some losses in the process of distribution and preservation of the shadows. To recover secret images with high quality, it is necessary to consider the scheme's robustness. However, few studies examine robustness of VSS combined with QR codes. In this paper, we propose a robust (k, n)-threshold XOR-ed VSS (XVSS) scheme based on a QR code with the error correction ability. Compared with OR-ed VSS (OVSS), XVSS can recover the secret image losslessly, and the amount of computation needed is low. Since the standard QR encoder does not check if the padding codewords are correct during the encoding phase, we replace padding codewords by initial shadows shared from the secret image using XVSS to generate QR code shadows. As a result, the shadows can be decoded normally, and their error correction abilities are preserved. Once all the shadows have been collected, the secret image can be recovered losslessly. More importantly, if some conventional image attacks, including rotation, JPEG compression, Gaussian noise, salt-and-pepper noise, cropping, resizing, and even the addition of camera and screen noises are performed on the shadows, the secret image can still be recovered. The experimental results and comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme.

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“…The same equation could be extended to (2). Most importantly, the XOR operation may be used during recovery.…”

Section: (K N)-threshold Rg-based Vss In the Scheme Of Yan Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chen et al [1] presented a scheme using QR codes for applications involving security and flexible access structures. Chow et al [2] used cryptographic keys to encrypt QR codes when embedding them into cover QR codes. Fu et al [5] proposed a VSS scheme utilizing the encoding redundancy of QR codes by using a probabilistic sharing method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

XOR-ed visual secret sharing scheme with robust and meaningful shadows based on QR codes

Tan

Yan

et al. 2019

Multimed Tools Appl

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“…Researchers have previously proposed the use of QR codes for various applications in computer security. For example, for storing private and public information [22], secret sharing [5], visual cryptography [9], digital watermarking [6] and so on. The methods proposed in this paper are related to zero-based watermarking.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protecting the Visual Fidelity of Machine Learning Datasets Using QR Codes

Chow

Susilo

Wang

et al. 2019

Machine Learning for Cyber Security

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Machine learning is becoming increasingly popular in a variety of modern technology. However, research has demonstrated that machine learning models are vulnerable to adversarial examples in their inputs. Potential attacks include poisoning datasets by perturbing input samples to mislead a machine learning model into producing undesirable results. Such perturbations are often subtle and imperceptible from a human's perspective. This paper investigates two methods of verifying the visual fidelity of image based datasets by detecting perturbations made to the data using QR codes. In the first method, a verification string is stored for each image in a dataset. These verification strings can be used to determine whether an image in the dataset has been perturbed. In the second method, only a single verification string stored and is used to verify whether an entire dataset is intact.

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“…The meaningful QR code pseudoshares reduce malevolent people's attentions with the help of the cheater detection function which makes it difficult to forge a fake QR code pseudo-shares. Chow et al [15] and He et al [16] proposed two QR code secret sharing scheme to improve the security of Chuang's scheme. Their schemes employed the symmetric encryption algorithm to encrypt shares before embedding shares into the meaningful cover QR codes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient secret sharing scheme with cheater identification based on QR code

Huang

Chang

Li³

et al. 2019

KSII TIIS

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Secret sharing is an effective way of protecting secret messages. However, the traditional secret sharing schemes are considered meaningless due to malicious people attention which might raise risks. To overcome the weakness, this paper presents an effective secret sharing scheme with the functionality of cheater identification, based on meaningful QR code. The secret message will be split and concealed in the padding region of cover QR codes with the assistance of Latin square and it can be completely restored when all the involved participants cooperate. The concealing strategy exploits the characteristic of Reed-Solomon (RS) code to ensure the strong robustness of generated QR code pseudo-shares. The meaningful QR code pseudo-shares help to reduce the curious of unrelated persons. Some experiments were done to evaluate the performance of proposed scheme. The results showed that the proposed scheme is feasible, efficient and secure compared to the other existing schemes. It also achieves a higher secret payload and maintains stronger robustness.

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Cooperative Secret Sharing Using QR Codes and Symmetric Keys

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

XOR-ed visual secret sharing scheme with robust and meaningful shadows based on QR codes

XOR-ed visual secret sharing scheme with robust and meaningful shadows based on QR codes

Protecting the Visual Fidelity of Machine Learning Datasets Using QR Codes

Efficient secret sharing scheme with cheater identification based on QR code

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