“…is the upper incomplete gamma function, and Γ À1 (a, b, upper) is the inverse upper incomplete gamma function. When primary signal is present in the samples, the test outcome is non-central chi-square distributed χ' 2 N ρ ð Þ with N degrees of freedom, and non-centrality parameter ρ takes the value of S S [12,15,16], that is,…”