Cooperatives and happiness. Cross-country evidence on the role of relational capital

Social capital, social economy and economic resilience of Italian provinces

“…Finally, Putnam et al (1993) defined social capital as a phenomenon characterized by three interdependent factors: interpersonal trust, reciprocity norms and civic participation. From this perspective, the relationships between individuals, households and networks represent a social gain (Bruni et al, 2019). The authors emphasized the density of civic-association networks; studying the Italian case, they observed that local administrations were more efficient in regions characterized by a higher diffusion of such networks, considered as a worthwhile expression of a community's civic sense.…”

“…The number of employees a cooperative has is used as a proxy for social capital in, for example,Bruni et al (2019) andPercoco (2012).2 Indicators relating to volunteering are used as proxies for bridging social capital in various studies, such asBürker and Minerva (2014),Crescenzi et al (2013) andGuiso et al (2004).3 According to the Italian legal system (Law 381 of 1991), the social co-operative is a particular type of co-operative society dealing with the management of socio-health and educational services (type A) or various kinds of activities aimed at the inclusion in the labour market of disadvantaged people (type B). Furthermore, the legislation allows the constitution of a "mixed social cooperative," combining the purposes of the two categories of social co-operatives previously described.4 Similar variables were employed in various studies, such asCappelli et al (2021),Ezcurra and Rios (2019),Kitsos and Bishop (2018) andLee (2014).5 The Appendix shows the main descriptive statistics of the explanatory variables (TableA1) and the correlation matrix (TableA2).6 As argued byMenard (2002), the general rule is that VIFs with a value exceeding 5 need further investigation, while VIFs with a value exceeding 10 indicate serious multicollinearity requiring correction.7 I created an inverse distance function for KNN matrices and applied a row standardization method, which implies that the sum in each row of the weighting matrix equals 1.…”

Belt‐and‐Road Initiative: Driving the need to understand intellectual capital in Chinese multinational enterprises

“…We believe IC provides a key component in organizational initiatives to create or moderate organizational performance based on the knowledge held by resources (Smriti & Das, ; Youndt, Subramaniam, & Snell, ) either in the firm or outside of it. The collective knowledge of an organization which is embedded in the personnel, organizational routines, and network relationships describes the concept of IC (Bruni et al, ). This idea runs throughout the little empirical research done in China by Western academics and is also reiterated in the research and literature reviews done in China by Chinese academics (Pedro et al, ).…”

“…Because of its diverse components, structural capital can be classified further into organization, process, and innovation capital (Shrestha, Kong, & Carter‐Steel, ). Relational capital is the intangible value inherent in relationships with customers, as well as other stakeholders, and their perceptions about an organization (Byun, Frake, & Agarwal, ). Relational capital incorporates: the loyalty of valuable customers; the mutual trust and commitment given by key suppliers and clients; the reliability and reliance partnership from alliance or contractual partners; and the reputation and relationships that an organization has developed over time in its surrounding community (Bruni, De Rosa, & Ferri, ; Ginesti, Caldarelli, & Zampella, ). The notion that relational capital is separate from human and structural capital indicates its central importance to an organization's worth (Kong & Farrell, ).…”

Analysis of Smooth Implementation of Industry Poverty Alleviation considering Government Supervision

“…erefore, differences in condition, standard, scale, and path aspects for different regions may be significant. us, different regions should explore the appropriate industry poverty alleviation mode according to their actualities [3,4].…”