“…Most research into formal symbolic reasoning emphasizes the abstract and arbitrary quality of formal symbol systems (Fodor, 1975; Gentner, 2003; Harnad, 1990; Haugeland, 1985; Jackendoff, 1983; Markman & Dietrich, 2000a, 2000b; Sloman, 1996). Symbolic reasoning is proposed to depend on internal structural rules, which do not relate to explicit external forms (e.g., Harnad, 1990; Markman & Dietrich, 2000a, 2000b; this perspective is also taken specifically with regard to notational mathematics in Stylianou, 2002; Zazkis, Dubinsky, & Dautermann, 1996). Mathematical and especially algebraic reasoning is often taken to be the paradigmatic case of pure symbolic reasoning, and to rely for its successful execution on the use of internally available formal operations (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958).…”