“…X-ray crystallography [12][13][14][15] and NMR [9,15,16] have been used for structural characterization. UV [9,14,17,18], IR [8,9,19,20] spectroscopy have been used to probe both the structure of enterobactin as well as the dependence of Fe(III) binding on solution pH. Other methods, such as cyclic voltametry [9,14,15,19] and circular dichroism [14,21,22] were also used for the determination of redox potentials and chirality, respectively.…”