Coordination of movements of the hindlimbs and forelimbs in different forms of locomotion in normal and decerebrate cats

Miller, S.; Burg, J. van der; Meché, F. G. A. Van Der

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90544-2

Cited by 186 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This might be the reason why these authors (e.g. Miller et al 1975a) only discuss the importance of temporal relationships when considering the coordinating mechanisms. Our experiments suggest that the geometrical relationships may be even more important.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contralateral legs were found to be coordinated in an alternating fashion with a mean phase value of about 0.5 for a wide range of walking speeds (Miller et al 1975b;English 1979), whereas the phase shift is much smaller for ipsilateral legs (Miller et al 1975a). This was also found by Halbertsma (1983), who moreover, concluded that coupling between ipsilateral legs is weaker than between contralateral legs because "after disturbance of the movement of a limb, the restoration of the appropriate coordination seems to be faster" between contralateral than between ipsilateral legs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Descending pathways from front to hind legs have been found to have a stronger effect on the extensors than on the flexors (Schomburg et al 1978) which, in the context of walking, might correspond to a signal to end swing movement. Contralateral coupling most probably occurs within the lumbosacral and cervicothoracic centers of the spinal cord (Miller et al 1975a;see Miller and Schomburg 1985 for a concise review), but pathways including higher centers (Shimamura et al 1985) are also possible.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coordination of the legs of a slow-walking cat

Cruse

Warnecke

1992

Exp Brain Res

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Summary. On the basis of behavioural studies the influences that coordinate the movement of the legs of a slowly walking cat have been investigated. The recording method applied here allows for the measurement of forward and backward movement of the legs which are called swing and stance movements, respectively. Influences between contralateral legs, i.e. both front legs or both hind legs, are stronger than those occurring between ipsilateral legs, i.e. front and hind leg of the same side. Influences which coordinate the front legs seem to be of the same kind as those for the hind legs. These influences are symmetrical, which means that the same type of influence acts from right to left leg and in the reverse direction. Two types of influences are described for contralateral legs: 1. When the influencing leg performs a swing movement, the influenced leg is prevented from starting a swing movement. 2. When the influencing leg performs a stance movement, the probability that the influenced leg starts a swing movement increases as the influencing leg moves backwards during its stance movement. In contrast to contralateral coupling, the ipsilateral influences are asymmetric, i.e. a different influence acts from front to hind leg than does in the reverse direction. The front leg is influenced to start a swing when both legs have approached each other to a given value. The hind leg is influenced to start a stance movement after the front leg has begun its swing.

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Section: Comparison With Other Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison With Other Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coordination of the legs of a slow-walking cat

Cruse

Warnecke

1992

Exp Brain Res

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“…This can be achieved by either injection of neuro muscular relaxants [3], or transection of the efferent nerves at the ventral root or at the muscle nerve level. By recording the output of efferent nerves at the ventral root, rhythmic periods of activity which were recipro cally organized between agonists and antagonists ('Active locomotion1) were demonstrated in both cats' hindlimb [32][33][34]112] and forelimb [35][36][37]. Under these conditions, rhythmic sensory input is absent but static afferent information (e.g.…”

Section: Fictive Locomotionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural control of locomotion; Part 1: The central pattern generator from cats to humans

1998

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In the last years it has become possible to regain some locomotor activity in patients suffering from an incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) through intense training on a treadmill. The ideas behind this approach owe much to insights derived from animal studies. Many studies showed that cats with complete spinal cord transection can recover locomotor function. These observations were at the basis of the concept of the central pattern generator (CPG) located at spinal level. The evidence for such a spinal CPG in cats and primates (including man) is reviewed in part 1, with special emphasis on some very recent developments which support the view that there is a human spinal CPG for locomotion.

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“…The finding of such severe and permanent impairments was unexpected, because the lesion was unilateral and also preserved the ipsilateral long propriospinal axons that, originating from C7 to T1, are responsible to coordinate quadrupedal rat locomotion, 66,67 and because several studies have established that plasticity of spinal circuits enables substantial functional recovery after SCI. [68][69][70][71] The long propriospinal axons ascending from lumbar regions to innervate the segments C7 to T1 and presumably participating in quadrupedal locomotion [72][73][74][75] were also spared from lesion, ruling out that damage of the intrinsic spinal networks for interlimb coordination was responsible for the permanent functional loss. Still, a possible explanation for the permanent deficits is that the lesion interrupted both-the major descending axonal tracts that allow recruitment of C7/C8 MN pools and segmental interneurons for locomotion, and the axons of the propriospinal circuitry that works in parallel and as relay for descending tracts and may serve as substrate for plastic changes.…”

Section: Axonal Tracts Involved In the Production Of Permanent Motor mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Motor Compensations with Permanent, Focal Loss of Forelimb Force after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

López-Dolado

Lucas‐Osma²,

Collazos‐Castro³

2013

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Incomplete cervical lesion is the most common type of human spinal cord injury (SCI) and causes permanent paresis of arm muscles, a phenomenon still incompletely understood in physiopathological and neuroanatomical terms. We performed spinal cord hemisection in adult rats at the caudal part of the segment C6, just rostral to the bulk of triceps brachii motoneurons, and analyzed the forces and kinematics of locomotion up to 4 months postlesion to determine the nature of motor function loss and recovery. A dramatic (50%), immediate and permanent loss of extensor force occurred in the forelimb but not in the hind limb of the injured side, accompanied by elbow and wrist kinematic impairments and early adaptations of whole-body movements that initially compensated the balance but changed continuously over the follow-up period to allow effective locomotion. Overuse of both contralateral legs and ipsilateral hind leg was evidenced since 5 days postlesion. Ipsilateral foreleg deficits resulted mainly from interruption of axons that innervate the spinal cord segments caudal to the lesion, because chronic loss (about 35%) of synapses was detected at C7 while only 14% of triceps braquii motoneurons died, as assessed by synaptophysin immunohistochemistry and retrograde neural tracing, respectively. We also found a large pool of propriospinal neurons projecting from C2-C5 to C7 in normal rats, with topographical features similar to the propriospinal premotoneuronal system of cats and primates. Thus, concurrent axotomy at C6 of brain descending axons and cervical propriospinal axons likely hampered spontaneous recovery of the focal neurological impairments.

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Coordination of movements of the hindlimbs and forelimbs in different forms of locomotion in normal and decerebrate cats

Cited by 186 publications

References 22 publications

Coordination of the legs of a slow-walking cat

Coordination of the legs of a slow-walking cat

Neural control of locomotion; Part 1: The central pattern generator from cats to humans

Dynamic Motor Compensations with Permanent, Focal Loss of Forelimb Force after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

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