“…Co-parental communication, in turn, refers not to the individual attempts of a parent to guide and direct the behaviors and activities of his or her child, but to the interaction patterns that emerge as one co-parent supports and/or undermines the parenting attempts of his or her partner. Family scholars have argued that co-parental communication should be conceptualized and studied as distinct from other interparental interactions because of the unique effects that co-parenting may have on family member outcomes (Adamsons & Pasley, 2006; Schrodt, 2010, 2011; Schrodt & Braithwaite, 2011). In intact families, for example, co-parenting is more predictive of parents’ and children’s adjustment than is general marital quality, and it accounts for variance in parenting and child outcomes after controlling individual parent characteristics (Feinberg, Kan, & Hetherington, 2007; Schoppe-Sullivan, Mangelsdorf, Frosch, & McHale, 2004).…”