Abstract:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic illnesses in the world. The disease encompasses emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and small airway obstruction and can be caused by environmental exposures, primarily cigarette smoking. Since only a small subset of smokers develop COPD, it is believed that host factors interact with the environment to increase the propensity to develop disease. The major pathogenic factors causing disease include infection and inflammation, protease an… Show more
“…Although the pathogenesis of COPD remains incompletely understood, the central role of oxidative stress in this regard is well established (Fig. 1) [11–14]. Fig.…”
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive condition characterized by airflow limitation associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles and gases, caused primarily by cigarette smoking. Increased oxidative burden plays an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD. There is a delicate balance between the toxicity of oxidants and the protective function of the intracellular and extracellular antioxidant defense systems, which is critically important for the maintenance of normal pulmonary functions. Several biomarkers of oxidative stress are available and have been evaluated in COPD. In this review, we summarize the main literature findings about circulating oxidative stress biomarkers, grouped according to their method of detection, measured in COPD subjects.
“…Although the pathogenesis of COPD remains incompletely understood, the central role of oxidative stress in this regard is well established (Fig. 1) [11–14]. Fig.…”
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive condition characterized by airflow limitation associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles and gases, caused primarily by cigarette smoking. Increased oxidative burden plays an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD. There is a delicate balance between the toxicity of oxidants and the protective function of the intracellular and extracellular antioxidant defense systems, which is critically important for the maintenance of normal pulmonary functions. Several biomarkers of oxidative stress are available and have been evaluated in COPD. In this review, we summarize the main literature findings about circulating oxidative stress biomarkers, grouped according to their method of detection, measured in COPD subjects.
“…El estrés oxidativo y ROS regula los genes de mucina y la metaplasia de las células mucosas. 9 Además del cigarro, la contaminación del aire, biomasa, polvo, humos, gases y el uso de pesticidas agrícolas también producen grandes cantidades de ROS, elevan los marcadores de estrés oxidativo y reducen los antioxidantes endógenos.…”
Section: Desequilibrio En El Estrés Oxidativounclassified
Este artículo debe citarse como: Martínez-Aguilar NE, Vargas-Camaño ME, Hernández-Pliego RR, ChaiaSemerena GM, Pérez-Chavira MR. Inmunopatología de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Rev Alerg Mex. 2017;64(3):327-346
AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, preventable and treatable condition that has a complex pathophysiology and an even more complex immunopathological process. The purpose of this review was to analyze COPD immunopathological aspects, which was addressed by undertaking a literature search for the most relevant documents indexed in the PubMed database over the last 10 years. Different conclusions could be drawn: in COPD immunopathology there are immune and non-immune inflammatory changes with oxidative stress imbalance, there are alterations in the protease/anti-protease ratio caused by direct and indirect genetic and epigeneticenvironmental defects; COPD produces irreversible tissue damage and chronic inflammation with tissue repair alteration, which induces chronic obstruction of the airway, bronchitis and systemic damage. Most common resulting comorbidities include cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, depression, musculoskeletal dysfunction, increased biological age, lung cancer and other types of malignancies. In the conception of COPD, recognizing that it is a nontransmittable and preventable disease is indispensable.
“…In this respect, most of the potential biomarkers included in our list are proteins involved in inflammation or the immune response such as CRP, IL-6, beta defensin 2, among many others [25][26][27]29,36,37,54,[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74] . One of the main causes leading to COPD is chronic smoking which exposes the respiratory tract to reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress and injury (which in the last instance leads also to inflammation) [59,75] . Thus, biomarkers of oxidative stress such as cerulo-plasmin [68] could be used to reflect this characteristic of COPD.…”
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease mostly due to smoking and until now diagnosed by spirometry (post bronchodilator FEV 1 /FVC <70%). However, in spite of the usefulness of FEV 1 as diagnostic and prognostic tool, it has proven to be a weak indicator of future exacerbations, unable to predict lung function decline within COPD patients, as well as unable to identify the smokers "susceptible" to developing COPD at an early stage. Thus, there is an urgent need for biomarkers that address these questions and support clinical decision making in the diagnosis and treatment of (early) COPD. In this respect, considerable efforts have been devoted to identifying protein biomarkers that enable a better understanding of this complex disease and leading to better diagnostic and prognostic tools. However, in spite of the wide range of candidates that have been suggested as potentially useful COPD biomarkers, most remained at the level of the initial discovery, and only fibrinogen has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as predictor for all-cause mortality and COPD exacerbations. There is thus a need for future investigations of these biomarkers in large-scale and well characterized studies in order to prove their usefulness as surrogate endpoints. Based on this, the aim of the present review is to advance COPD biomarker development by providing a comprehensive overview of protein biomarker candidates which have been evaluated in clinical studies and prioritize them according to their potential of becoming valid, clinically useful COPD biomarkers.
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