Cope’s rule in the evolution of marine animals

Heim, Noel A.; Knope, Matthew L.; Schaal, Ellen K.; Wang, Steve C.; Payne, Jonathan L.

doi:10.1126/science.1260065

Cited by 155 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…As animals diversified, they also became, on average, larger, fleshier, more motile, and more energetic (10,58,62,63). Predation increased (57)(58)(59)(60), and several groups of large phytoplankton radiated (64).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and the shifting biodiversity dynamics of marine animals in deep time

Bush

Hunt

Bambach

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The fossil record of marine animals suggests that diversity-dependent processes exerted strong control on biodiversification: after the Ordovician Radiation, genus richness did not trend for hundreds of millions of years. However, diversity subsequently rose dramatically in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic (145 million years ago–present), indicating that limits on diversification can be overcome by ecological or evolutionary change. Here, we show that the Cretaceous–Cenozoic radiation was driven by increased diversification in animals that transfer sperm between adults during fertilization, whereas animals that broadcast sperm into the water column have not changed significantly in richness since the Late Ordovician (∼450 million years ago). We argue that the former group radiated in part because directed sperm transfer permits smaller population sizes and additional modes of prezygotic isolation, as has been argued previously for the coincident radiation of angiosperms. Directed sperm transfer tends to co-occur with many ecological traits, such as a predatory lifestyle. Ecological specialization likely operated synergistically with mode of fertilization in driving the diversification that began during the Mesozoic marine revolution. Plausibly, the ultimate driver of diversification was an increase in food availability, but its effects on the fauna were regulated by fundamental reproductive and ecological traits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and the shifting biodiversity dynamics of marine animals in deep time

Bush

Hunt

Bambach

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The PBDB is a widely used resource (e.g., Wright et al, 2013;Finnegan et al, 2015;Heim et al, 2015;Mannion et al, 2015;Nicolson et al, 2015;Fischer et al, 2016;Tennant et al, 2016;Close et al, 2017;Zaffos et al, 2017), yet, the spatial coverage of data is still highly heterogeneous, with relatively few data points across large areas of the globe for some time periods. Hence, it is important to combine it with other geological data, such as stratigraphic data from StratDB Database (http://sil.usask.ca) and Macrostrat Database (https://macrostrat.org/) and other sources of paleoenvironment and paleo-lithofacies data, to further constrain the paleogeographic reconstructions.…”

Section: Limitations Of the Workflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving global paleogeography since the late Paleozoic using paleobiology

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Paleogeographic reconstructions are important to understand Earth's tectonic evolution, past eustatic and regional sea level change, paleoclimate and ocean circulation, deep Earth resources and to constrain and interpret the dynamic topography predicted by mantle convection models. Global paleogeographic maps have been compiled and published, but they are generally presented as static maps with varying map projections, different time intervals represented by the maps and different plate motion models that underlie the paleogeographic reconstructions. This makes it difficult to convert the maps into a digital form and link them to alternative digital plate tectonic reconstructions. To address this limitation, we develop a workflow to restore global paleogeographic maps to their present-day coordinates and enable them to be linked to a different tectonic reconstruction. We use marine fossil collections from the Paleobiology Database to identify inconsistencies between their indicative paleoenvironments and published paleogeographic maps, and revise the locations of inferred paleo-coastlines that represent the estimated maximum transgression surfaces by resolving these inconsistencies. As a result, the consistency ratio between the paleogeography and the paleoenvironments indicated by the marine fossil collections is increased from an average of 75 % to nearly full consistency (100 %). The paleogeography in the main regions of North America, South America, Europe and Africa is significantly revised, especially in the Late Carboniferous, Middle Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Late Cretaceous and most of the Cenozoic. The global flooded continental areas since the Early Devonian calculated from the revised paleogeography in this study are generally consistent with results derived from other paleoenvironment and paleo-lithofacies data and with the strontium isotope record in marine carbonates. We also estimate the terrestrial areal change over time associated with transferring reconstruction, filling gaps and modifying the paleogeographic geometries based on the paleobiology test. This indicates that the variation of the underlying plate reconstruction is the main factor that contributes to the terrestrial areal change, and the effect of revising paleogeographic geometries based on paleobiology is secondary.

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“…In this context, Bambach's [59] observation that marine organisms increase in mass, meatiness and metabolism (see also [60]), the observation that ecospace has become more richly filled [61,62], the fact that local species richness in marine benthic communities has increased on Phanerozoic timescales [36,63,64], and the argument that these trends are driven by increased primary productivity through time [20] is fully consistent with the view that the marine biosphere's carrying capacity has increased with time, and will probably continue to do so.…”

Section: The Macroevolutionary Drivers Of Time-varying Carrying Capacmentioning

confidence: 99%

The uncertain role of diversity dependence in species diversification and the need to incorporate time-varying carrying capacities

Marshall

Quental

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 11 to a theme issue 'The regulators of biodiversity in deep time'. There is no agreement among palaeobiologists or biologists as to whether, or to what extent, there are limits on diversification and species numbers. Here, we posit that part of the disagreement stems from: (i) the lack of explicit criteria for defining the relevant species pools, which may be defined phylogenetically, ecologically or geographically; (ii) assumptions that must be made when extrapolating from population-level logistic growth to macro-evolutionary diversification; and (iii) too much emphasis being placed on fixed carrying capacities, rather than taking into account the opportunities for increased species richness on evolutionary timescales, for example, owing to increased biologically available energy, increased habitat complexity and the ability of many clades to better extract resources from the environment, or to broaden their resource base. Thus, we argue that a more effective way of assessing the evidence for and against the ideas of bound versus unbound diversification is through appropriate definition of the relevant species pools, and through explicit modelling of diversity-dependent diversification with time-varying carrying capacities. Here, we show that time-varying carrying capacities, either increases or decreases, can be accommodated through changing intrinsic diversification rates (diversity-independent effects), or changing the effects of crowding (diversity-dependent effects).

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Cope’s rule in the evolution of marine animals

Cited by 155 publications

References 62 publications

Sex and the shifting biodiversity dynamics of marine animals in deep time

Sex and the shifting biodiversity dynamics of marine animals in deep time

Improving global paleogeography since the late Paleozoic using paleobiology

The uncertain role of diversity dependence in species diversification and the need to incorporate time-varying carrying capacities

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