Coping with secondary traumatic stress: Differences between U.K. and U.S. child exploitation personnel.

Bourke, Michael L.; Craun, Sarah W.

doi:10.1037/h0099381

Cited by 56 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The terms secondary traumatic stress (STS) disorder, compassion fatigue (CF), and vicarious traumatization (VT) are used to describe these symptoms in the existing literature. While some researchers use these terms interchangeably, others make distinct definitions (Bourke & Craun, 2014). However, some definitions are overlapping, if not contradictory.…”

Section: Secondary Traumatizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three further studies failed to provide a reference range (Argentero & Setti, 2011;Döllinger, 2014;Setti, Lourel, & Argentero, 2016). Two studies (Bourke & Craun, 2014;Turgoose et al, 2017) categorized scores into no/little, mild, moderate, high, and severe levels of secondary trauma, as suggested by Bride (2007). One study (Setti & Argentero, 2014) referenced that the higher the scores the more posttraumatic symptoms had been reported.…”

Section: Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (Stss)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…intrusion). Ten studies reported descriptive data but failed to discuss them in the article (Amjad & Rafique, 2013;Argentero & Setti, 2011;Battle, 2011;Bourke & Craun, 2014;Pietrantoni & Prati, 2008;Prati & Pietrantoni, 2010b;Prati et al, 2010;Reinhard & Maercker, 2004;Setti & Argentero, 2012. Eight provided no reference range (Argentero & Setti, 2011;Pietrantoni & Prati, 2008;Prati & Pietrantoni, 2010a;Prati et al, 2010Prati et al, , 2011Reinhard & Maercker, 2004;Setti & Argentero, 2012.…”

Section: Descriptive Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Secondary traumatization in first responders: a systematic review

Greinacher

Derezza-Greeven

Herzog

et al. 2019

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

157

141

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Background: Finding precise definitions of secondary traumatic stress, vicarious traumatization, and compassion fatigue is not easy. While some researchers define these terms differentially, others use them interchangeably. In the present review, we refer to all three phenomena as secondary traumatization.Objectives: This systematic review aims to provide an overview of prevalence rates of secondary traumatization in first responders and to shed light on corresponding resilience and risk factors.Methods: After identifying 219 studies within the searched databases and 2192 references via hand searching, 31 studies were included in this review. We systematically searched the electronic databases PubMed, PsychINFO, and PSYNDEX (German database). The following inclusion criteria were applied: (1) participants had to be first responders working on-site: police officers, firefighters, search and rescue personnel, or emergency and paramedic team members; (2) secondary traumatization (secondary traumatic stress/vicarious traumatization/compassion fatigue) was assessed quantitatively with a validated questionnaire or subscale explicitly measuring secondary traumatization; and (3) English or German language original papers.Results: We found low levels of secondary traumatization in first responders. Several studies describe protective and risk factors for secondary traumatization, including pretraumatic (e.g. age, gender), peritraumatic (e.g. exposure, emotional exhaustion), and post-traumatic factors (e.g. social support, alcohol and tobacco use).Conclusion: Next to an immunizing effect, the low prevalence of secondary traumatization in first responders could be explained by social desirability and job-loss concerns. Therefore, we may be underestimating the prevalence of secondary traumatization in first responders. Some resilience (social support) and risk factors (female gender) are consistent with previous research in other populations. However, owing to the cross-sectional study designs, we must interpret resilience and risk factors with caution. Future research should focus on longitudinal study designs and preventive as well as curative interventions.

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Section: Secondary Traumatizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (Stss)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Descriptive Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Secondary traumatization in first responders: a systematic review

Greinacher

Derezza-Greeven

Herzog

et al. 2019

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

157

141

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Negative psychological changes after vicarious traumatic exposure are best captured by concepts such as secondary traumatic stress (STS), compassion fatigue, or vicarious traumatization (Figley, 1995;McCann & Saakvitne, 1995). Within professional literature, some researchers use these concepts interchangeably, others create distinct definitions (Bourke & Craun, 2014). The controversy regarding the conceptual differences between these concepts is being debated (Jenkins & Baird, 2002;Leinwber & Rowe, 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond linear evidence: The curvilinear relationship between secondary traumatic stress and vicarious posttraumatic growth among healthcare professionals

Dar

Iqbal

2020

Stress and Health

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Insufficient and inconsistent research exists regarding the relationship between secondary traumatic stress (STS) and vicarious posttraumatic growth (VPTG). Some authors suggest that the STS–VPTG relationship can be linear, whereas others suggest that the relationship can best be represented as curvilinear. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine whether the relationship between STS and VPTG is essentially linear or curvilinear. A cross‐sectional correlational research design was employed, and a total of 258 surgeons, psychiatrists, and physicians who deal with victims of the ongoing conflict were selected. After controlling for the effects of vicarious and direct traumatic exposure and experience, results of hierarchical regression provide support for the curvilinear association between STS and VPTG among the overall sample (the curvilinear model explained 4.6% of the variance in Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) scores beyond the variance explained by the linear model) and among professional groups of surgeons and physicians (the curvilinear model explained 4.3% of the variance in PTGI scores among surgeons and 3.5% of the variance in PTGI scores among physicians over and above variance explained by the linear models, respectively). Findings suggest that moderate levels of STS are most associated with the highest levels of VPTG.

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“…However, we did not assess coping strategies directly. Prior research suggests that this can be important when attempting to detect interindividual differences in STS (e.g., Bourke & Craun, ; Von Rueden et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary traumatic stress and secondary posttraumatic growth in a sample of Dutch police family liaison officers

et al. 2017

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This study investigated secondary traumatic stress (STS) and secondary posttraumatic growth (SPG) in a sample of Dutch police family liaison officers (N = 224). Our study had two aims: (a) to identify potential risk and protective factors for STS and (b) to investigate the association between STS and SPG. None of the risk (caseload and a personal trauma history) and protective factors (age, work experience, and support by supervisors and coworkers) identified in previous research correlated with STS. However, a small positive association was found between STS and SPG. In the discussion section we warn against the use of interventions that aim to prevent STS until more is known about risk and protective factors for STS and provide directions for future research.

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Coping with secondary traumatic stress: Differences between U.K. and U.S. child exploitation personnel.

Cited by 56 publications

References 32 publications

Secondary traumatization in first responders: a systematic review

Secondary traumatization in first responders: a systematic review

Beyond linear evidence: The curvilinear relationship between secondary traumatic stress and vicarious posttraumatic growth among healthcare professionals

Secondary traumatic stress and secondary posttraumatic growth in a sample of Dutch police family liaison officers

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