Coping with shrub secondary metabolites by ruminants

Estell, Richard E.

doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.09.012

Cited by 83 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…While the mechanism for this reduction is not yet known, one hypothesis is that plant secondary metabolites are transferred to urine and affect soil N transformation processes. This hypothesis is based on current knowledge that a wide range of plant secondary metabolites are excreted in urine (Lane et al, 2006;Estell, 2010) and that glucosinolates, a major group of secondary compounds in brassicas, and their degradation products were found to act as a nitrification inhibitor when directly added to soil (Bending and Lincoln, 2000;Snyder et al, 2010). van Groenigen et al (2005) also suggested that diet manipulation as a mitigation strategy for reducing N 2 O emissions due to its effect on urine composition.…”

Section: N 2 O Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrous oxide emission factors for urine and dung from sheep fed either fresh forage rape (Brassica napus L.) or fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Luo

Sun

Pacheco

et al. 2015

Animal

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In New Zealand, agriculture is predominantly based on pastoral grazing systems and animal excreta deposited on soil during grazing have been identified as a major source of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. Forage brassicas (Brassica spp.) have been increasingly used to improve lamb performance. Compared with conventional forage perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), a common forage in New Zealand, forage brassicas have faster growth rates, higher dry matter production and higher nutritive value. The aim of this study was to determine the partitioning of dietary nitrogen (N) between urine and dung in the excreta from sheep fed forage brassica rape (B. napus subsp. oleifera L.) or ryegrass, and then to measure N 2 O emissions when the excreta from the two different feed sources were applied to a pasture soil. A sheep metabolism study was conducted to determine urine and dung-N outputs from sheep fed forage rape or ryegrass, and N partitioning between urine and dung. Urine and dung were collected and then used in a field plot experiment for measuring N 2 O emissions. The experimental site contained a perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture on a poorly drained silt-loam soil. The treatments included urine from sheep fed forage rape or ryegrass, dung from sheep fed forage rape or ryegrass, and a control without dung or urine applied. N 2 O emission measurements were carried out using a static chamber technique. For each excreta type, the total N 2 O emissions and emission factor (EF3; N 2 O-N emitted during the 3-or 8-month measurement period as a per cent of animal urine or dung-N applied, respectively) were calculated. Our results indicate that, in terms of per unit of N intake, a similar amount of N was excreted in urine from sheep fed either forage rape or ryegrass, but less dung N was excreted from sheep fed forage rape than ryegrass. The EF3 for urine from sheep fed forage rape was lower compared with urine from sheep fed ryegrass. This may have been because of plant secondary metabolites, such as glucosinolates in forage rape and their degradation products, are transferred to urine and affect soil N transformation processes. However, the difference in the EF3 for dung from sheep fed ryegrass and forage rape was not significant.Keywords: Excreta, N partitioning, sheep, brassicas, nitrous oxide ImplicationsNitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from soil are one of the main components of greenhouse gases in the agricultural sector and animal excreta have been identified as a major source of these emissions. Our study showed that feeding forage rape reduced the N 2 O-N emission factor (EF3; N 2 O-N emitted during the 3-month measurement period as a per cent of animal excreta N applied) for sheep urine by about 60%, compared with feeding perennial ryegrass. This finding is significant for developing mitigation measures to reduce EF3 for animal urine. Further study needs to be conducted under different soil and climate conditions to confirm this finding. IntroductionIn New Zealand, agriculture is predominantly based on g...

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Section: N 2 O Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrous oxide emission factors for urine and dung from sheep fed either fresh forage rape (Brassica napus L.) or fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Luo

Sun

Pacheco

et al. 2015

Animal

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“…detoxification) to behavioral (e.g. avoidance, diet switching, regulation of intake below a toxic dose, altering the size and pattern of feeding bouts, consuming diverse and complementary diets, which enhance detoxification processes) (Estell, 2010). For instance, toxin inactivation and elimination in mammalian herbivores requires additional inputs of energy and nutrients to sustain the increased metabolic demands imposed by detoxification processes (Illius and Jessop, 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preference by sheep for endophyte-infected tall fescue grown adjacent to or at a distance from alfalfa

Friend

Provenza

Villalba

2015

Animal

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Two experiments were conducted to assess preference by sheep for endophyte-infected tall fescue growing in monoculture at least 5 m away from alfalfa (fescue-middle (FM)) over endophyte-infected tall fescue growing adjacent (0.2 to 1 m; fescue-alfalfa (FA)) to alfalfa (FA), and the effect of legume scent on preference for endophyte-infected tall fescue. In Experiment 1, 10 six-month-old lambs were offered for 12 days a choice of freshly harvested FA and FM. On days 13 and 14, lambs were offered the same choice, except cages (to allow access only to scent) containing freshly harvested alfalfa were put in the feeders containing FA, whereas cages containing freshly harvested FM were included with the feeders containing FM. Forage intake was measured 1 h after feeding and at three consecutive 2-h intervals thereafter. FA contained greater ( P < 0.002) concentrations of the alkaloid ergovaline (360 ± 27 ppm) and CP (8 ± 0.4%) than FM (219 ± 27 ppm and 6 ± 0.4%, respectively). Lambs preferred ( P < 0.05) FA to FM during the 1 st hour of feeding, but the differences became smaller and disappeared in later feeding periods ( P < 0.005). Lambs offered FA with alfalfa scent or FM with FM scent preferred ( P < 0.05) FA but only on the 2 nd day. In Experiment 2, 10 six-month-old lambs were offered a choice of FM with cages (to allow access only to scent) containing freshly harvested alfalfa or FM for 8 days. During the following 4 days, FM in the cages was replaced with freshly harvested sainfoin. Preference was greater ( P < 0.05) for FM offered with alfalfa scent than for FM offered with FM scent only on days 4 and 8. When lambs were offered FM with alfalfa or sainfoin in cages, they preferred ( P < 0.05) tall fescue with sainfoin scent over fescue with alfalfa scent, but intake was variable across hours and days ( P < 0.001). It is concluded that (1) lambs adjusted their intake of and preference for FA and FM over successive feeding bouts within each day, likely owing to an attempt to balance intakes of nutrients and alkaloids and (2) olfactory cues influenced preference, but to a lesser extent than nutrients and alkaloids in endophyte-infected tall fescue.

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“…Research has been conducted that suggests certain livestock can be trained to consume certain shrubs, at least as part of their diet [25]. Provenza and coworkers at Utah State University [26] have led the way in diet training research and have identified a number of factors that contribute to effectiveness of conditioning ruminants to consume less desirable plants and shrubs.…”

Section: Training Livestock To Browse Shrubs In the Absence Of Grassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diet training to increase shrub intake would probably be most effective using goats or sheep. Herbivores may be able to increase intake of plant secondary metabolites in certain shrubs by eating a more diverse diet; however, the amount of aversive shrubs that can realistically be consumed is likely limited and variable among shrub species [25]. Thus, geospatial technology that can change animal location to areas with complementary forages and /or supplements that help counter toxins may encourage shrub consumption.…”

Section: Training Livestock To Browse Shrubs In the Absence Of Grassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Utilization of Historical Data and Geospatial Technology Advances at the Jornada Experimental Range to Support Western America Ranching Culture

2011

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By the early 1900s, concerns were expressed by ranchers, academicians, and federal scientists that widespread overgrazing and invasion of native grassland by woody shrubs were having severe negative impacts upon normal grazing practices in Western America. Ranchers wanted to reverse these trends and continue their way of life and were willing to work with scientists to achieve these goals. One response to this desire was establishment of the USDA Jornada Experimental Range (783 km 2 ) in south central NewMexico by a Presidential Executive Order in 1912 for conducting rangeland investigations. This cooperative effort involved experiments to understand principles of proper management and the processes causing the woody shrub invasion as well as to identify treatments to eradicate shrubs. By the late 1940s, it was apparent that combining the historical ground-based data accumulated at Jornada Experimental Range with rapidly expanding post World War II technologies would yield a better understanding of the driving processes in these arid and semiarid ecosystems which could then lead to improved rangeland management practices. One specific technology was the use of aerial photography to interpret landscape resource conditions. The assembly and utilization of long-term historical aerial photography data sets has occurred over the last half century. More recently, Global Positioning System (GPS) techniques have been used in a myriad of scientific endeavors including efforts to accurately locate historical and contemporary treatment plots and to track research animals including livestock and wildlife. As an incredible amount of both spatial and temporal data became available, Geographic Information Systems have been exploited to display various layers of data over the same locations. Subsequent analyses of these data layers have begun to yield new insights. The OPEN ACCESSRemote Sens. 2011, 3 2090 most recent technological development has been the deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that afford the opportunity to obtain high (5 cm) resolution data now required for rangeland monitoring. The Jornada team is now a leader in civil UAV applications in the USA. The scientific advances at the Jornada in fields such as remote sensing can be traced to the original Western America ranching culture that established the Jornada in 1912 and which persists as an important influence in shaping research directions today.

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Coping with shrub secondary metabolites by ruminants

Cited by 83 publications

References 114 publications

Nitrous oxide emission factors for urine and dung from sheep fed either fresh forage rape (Brassica napus L.) or fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Nitrous oxide emission factors for urine and dung from sheep fed either fresh forage rape (Brassica napus L.) or fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Preference by sheep for endophyte-infected tall fescue grown adjacent to or at a distance from alfalfa

The Utilization of Historical Data and Geospatial Technology Advances at the Jornada Experimental Range to Support Western America Ranching Culture

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