Copolymerization

Dubé, Marc A.; Saldívar‐Guerra, Enrique; Zapata‐González, Iván

doi:10.1002/9781118480793.ch6

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 175 publications

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“…The increase in temperature improved the conversion rates of both monomers, and the rate change was more dramatic for AM than for DADMAC. The reactivity ratio (i.e., the preference of propagation) of DADMAC was reported to be between 0.03 and 0.12, and that of AM was between 6 and 7 in the polymerization reaction of AM and DADMAC in water. − Therefore, the lignin–AM–DADMAC copolymer contained more AM with a greater reactivity ratio than DADMAC with a lower reactivity ratio . AM monomers are depleted quickly in the early stage of copolymerization, followed by the attachment of DADMAC monomers .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Copolymerization Studies of Lignin, Acrylamide, and Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride: Mechanism, Kinetics, and Rheology

et al. 2023

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In this work, free-radical polymerization of kraft lignin, acrylamide (AM), and diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) was studied in detail. In situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), rheological analysis, and particle size techniques were conducted to understand the physicochemical characteristics of this copolymerization system. The copolymerization of lignin−AM and lignin−DADMAC had activation energies of 65.7 and 69.3 kJ/mol, respectively, and followed the first-order kinetic model, which was monitored by in situ H 1 NMR results. The highest conversions of AM and DADMAC were 96 and 68%, respectively, in the copolymerization of lignin, AM, and DADMAC at the molar ratio of 5.5:2.4:1, pH 2 and 85 °C. The results illustrated that the participation of AM in the reaction was essential for polymerizing DADMAC to lignin due to less steric hindrance of AM than DADMAC facilitating its bridging performance. The monomer conversion ratio and dynamic rheology of the reaction system indicated that lignin acted as an inhibitor in the copolymerization reaction. The particle size analysis of the reaction mixtures reflected the alteration in the size of particles from coarse particles (>300 μm) to fine particles (<10 and 10−50 μm) and suspension to colloidal systems when the reaction progressed. The oscillation study of the reaction media confirmed the gradual increase in the viscosity of the reaction media, illustrating the crosslinking of lignin, AM, and DADMAC.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Copolymerization Studies of Lignin, Acrylamide, and Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride: Mechanism, Kinetics, and Rheology

et al. 2023

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“…37 Moreover, a broad glass transition (broad peak in dDSC) for the acrylic copolymer can be appreciated for materials produced by batch polymerization, indicating a significant drift in the copolymer composition. This result was expected due to the difference in reactivity ratios for BA (1) and MMA (2) monomers, which are r 1 = 1.79 and r 2 = 0.29, 39 causing a drift in the composition of the copolymer produced along the batch polymerizations. On the other hand, when the semibatch strategy was employed, a narrower peak corresponding to T g,1 was observed, as a consequence that copolymerization was mainly governed by monomer feeding thus producing a copolymer with a more uniform composition.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Acrylic/biopolymers Hybrid Latexesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Synergistic combination between starch and proteins in the synthesis of new acrylic/biopolymers hybrid latexes

Cabrera

Pighin

Chiana

et al. 2022

Journal of Polymer Science

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The present‐day environmental concerns and the decay in oil reserves have driven the efforts for developing novel eco‐friendly and biodegradable materials. In this context, the use of biopolymers to replace totally or partially petroleum‐derivative polymers is a promising alternative for reaching this aim. In this article, a new class of waterborne acrylic/biopolymers nanoparticles was produced by emulsion polymerization, studying the adequate combination of: (i) starch/zein bioparticles acting as seed for emulsion polymerization; (ii) casein, an amphiphilic protein with stabilization properties that avoids the use of synthetic surfactant; and (iii) a low Tg acrylic copolymer that provides film formation capability and controlled mechanical properties. Batch and semibatch polymerization strategies were explored with varied content of starch/zein bioparticles. Both methods allowed the formation of biphase hybrid nanoparticles with multilobular morphology, composed of starch/zein bioparticles as core and multisurrounding lobules of acrylic copolymer. However, the employed polymerization strategy influenced the compatibilization between the acrylic copolymer and the biopolymers phase, determining the hybrid film properties. Interestingly, clear and homogenous films were produced, which also showed an excellent performance to bond polar substrates, opening potential applications of these hybrid materials for coatings and adhesives.

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“…Current technology requires high-performance polymeric materials with highly specialized functions; these materials are generally composed of multiple types of macromolecules such as copolymers, terpolymers,... [1][2][3][4][5]. The properties of a given homopolymer can indeed be improved by combining several polymers: it is therefore possible to adapt and optimize its physical state and properties that depend on the chemical nature and the number of monomeric units involved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of dynamic mechanical properties of photochemically crosslinked poly(isobornylacrylate-co-isobutylacrylate) applying WLF and Havriliak-Negami models

et al. 2018

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Chemically crosslinked poly (isobornylacrylate-co-isobutylacrylate) was elaborated by radical photo-copolymerization of isobornylacrylate and isobutylacrylate monomers in a 4:1 mass ratio, by adding a crosslinking agent at low concentration. The obtained copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for structural analysis, by differential scanning calorimetry for the determination of the glass transition temperature, and by thermogravimetric analysis to investigate thermal degradation effects. Storage modulus, dissipation modulus and tan delta were evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis and modeled using different physical approaches such as the time-temperature superposition principle and the Havriliak-Negami model. The Cole-Cole curve was fitted with the Havriliak-Negami model yielding five parameters which were used to calculate the dynamic mechanical properties of the copolymer over a large frequency range from 1.03x10-4 Hz to 7.58x10 7 Hz. Calculated elastic and dissipative moduli agree well with the experimental data.

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Copolymerization

Cited by 10 publications

References 175 publications

In Situ Copolymerization Studies of Lignin, Acrylamide, and Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride: Mechanism, Kinetics, and Rheology

In Situ Copolymerization Studies of Lignin, Acrylamide, and Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride: Mechanism, Kinetics, and Rheology

Synergistic combination between starch and proteins in the synthesis of new acrylic/biopolymers hybrid latexes

Analysis of dynamic mechanical properties of photochemically crosslinked poly(isobornylacrylate-co-isobutylacrylate) applying WLF and Havriliak-Negami models

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