“…Nonliving biomass is low cost and more feasible for large scale as it does not need any specific conditions or any supplied nutrient to grow. Functional groups present on the surface of biomass, such as amine, carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl, etc., interact with the positively charged metal ions and help in their adsorption (Albadarin et al., 2011; Jianlong, 2002, Lacerda et al, 2019). Studies have reported successful removal of heavy metals, phenol, and azo dyes from the wastes by untreated as well as chemically modified biomass (Alemayehu & Lennartz, 2010; Patra et al., 2019, 2020a, 2020b, Bağda et al, 2018, Sekhar et al, 2003).…”