“…Catalytic applications of heterogeneous metal catalytic systems such as nanoparticles (NPs), octahedral molecular sieves of manganese oxide (OMS-2), layered double hydroxides (LDH), polyoxometalates (POMs), and continuous flow reactors include hydrogenation, oxidation, reduction, coupling reactions, and multi component reactions (MCR). [1][2][3][4][5] In homogeneous catalysis, iron and copper catalysed sustainable organic transformations are widely developed for the modern synthesis of various functionalized molecules, [6][7][8][9] but heterogeneous metal systems have generally been more advanced due to a variety of factors, including size, shape, structure, charge, surface area, composite arrangements, fundamental material strength, synergistic effects of bimetallic systems, and more.…”