Copper-Doped Borate Glass Systems: Fabrication, Physical and Optical Characteristics, and Efficiency of Radiation Attenuation

Effect of gamma irradiation on the electrical and optical properties of PEVA composite membrane embedded with conductive copper fluoroborate glass powder

“…Color centers can be created as Cu 2+ ions can give blue glass; however, if a majority of copper ions exist as Cu + rather than Cu 2+ , the glass will appear green. 31 The hopping mechanism involves the hopping of electrons between valences and being trapped by positive-charged holes as electrons of lower valence (Cu + ) move into higher valences (Cu 2+ ) and combine with optical phonons. 32 Cu + exhibits broad bands in optical studies due to the coupling of s-electrons and phonons besides the s → d transition.…”