Copper granulation: scientific analysis on the ornaments from the coronet of Lady Pei of the early Tang Dynasty (618–712 A.D.) in Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

Tan, Panpan; Yang, Junchang; Zheng, Yaozheng; Yang, Junkai

doi:10.1007/s12520-019-00929-x

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The gilded copper coronet has sophisticated decorations, such as copper granulation, filigree, semi‐precious stone and pearl inlays, feather, glass, and textile (Tan et al . 2019) (Fig. 8a).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The granules on the ornaments comprise two different diameters, where the granules with a diameter of 0.65 mm filled the pattern background and the granules with a diameter of 0.85 mm decorated the ornament edge (Tan et al . 2019). The PS01 refers to a sample, which is taken from a granulated fragment of one wing‐shaped ornament (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2018; Tan et al . 2019). The first archaeological discovery was the coronet of Lady Pei (d. 691 CE), the wife of a middle‐rank Tang dynasty official, in Xi'an, Shaanxi province (Yang et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous study on one ornament of the coronet has shown that silver–copper alloy solder was employed to solder the pure copper granule (Tan et al . 2019). The second archaeological discovery was the coronet and hairpins of Empress Xiao (d. 647 CE), the wife of the last emperor of the Sui dynasty (581–619 CE), in Yangzhou, Jiangsu province (Nanjing Museum et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regrettably, the previously analysed copper granules from the two tombs were entirely corroded due to long‐time burial, and the production technique was only deduced from the number and size of tiny beads (Tan et al . 2019). Hence, the microstructure could not be employed to identify the possible production technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production Techniques and Microstructures of Copper Granule: Experimental Analysis and Archaeological Case Study

Tan

Yang

et al. 2021

Archaeometry

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Granulation is a decorative technique for metalwork where tiny granules are used. Recent discoveries in China confirmed that pure copper granulation was employed as early as the seventh century CE. However, the production techniques for copper granule are still unknown. Herein, a systematic study is carried out to produce pure copper granules by using “pouring method”, “heating method”, and “crucible method” to investigate possible techniques of ancient times. The results reveal that copper granules can be produced by the same methods for ancient gold and silver granules. Furthermore, the granule rate during the pouring method is mainly influenced by the cooling media. In addition, the cooling rate and oxygen content significantly affect the microstructure of copper beads. Moreover, metallographic analysis of two archaeological granulated copper pieces of the seventh century CE is carried out to compare the microstructure of copper granules by different simulation experiments. The microstructural analysis indicates that the two ancient copper granules were most likely produced by the crucible method, which is also a preferred choice from the viewpoints of mass production and precise control of granule dimensions. The paper provides a point of departure for future research on the utilization of copper granules in ancient times.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Production Techniques and Microstructures of Copper Granule: Experimental Analysis and Archaeological Case Study

Tan

Yang

et al. 2021

Archaeometry

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Technical characteristics and coating formation mechanism of gilded silver products unearthed from the Consort Tomb of Emperor Shengzong of the Liao dynasty

Shao

et al. 2023

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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Compared with other gold plating processes, mercury gilding was widely used in ancient China due to the less consumption of gold and excellent adhesion between the gold layer and substrate. Herein, the comprehensive analyses of the silver crown and boots unearthed from the Consort Tombs of Emperor Shengzong (圣宗萧贵妃) of the Liao (辽) Dynasty reveal the surface composition and structural characteristics and also the unique multilayered structure and cross-sectional compositional distribution of the gold layer. First, the existence of mercury on the golden surface of cultural relics, as well as the unique porous structure and granular surface morphology, indicate that the artifacts were probably processed using mercury gilding. In addition, the intermetallic compound, i.e., Au5Hg, in the gold layer indicates that the processing temperature was 388–419 ℃; thus, the formation mechanism was the transformation of solid solution in the amalgam to intermetallic compound during the heating of Au-Hg system. Moreover, the cross-sectional transition layer is mainly composed of Ag and Hg due to the interstitial diffusion of mercury atoms at room temperature and vacancy diffusion of silver atoms during the heating process, bonding the gold layer with the substrate. Obviously, the bonding mechanism of the gold layer and substrate was interstitial diffusion and vacancy diffusion within the Ag-Hg system. The current work reveals the special multilayered cross-section of silver gilding relics and shows that mercury played a crucial role in both the formation of the gold layer and bonding between the gold layer and substrate during the silver gilding process.

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Reconstruction and Digital Display Design of Women’s Clothing in Jiangnan Area of Yuan Dynasty under Digital

Liu

Zhang

2022

2022 IEEE 21st International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Communications (IUCC/CIT/DSCI/SmartCNS)

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Copper granulation: scientific analysis on the ornaments from the coronet of Lady Pei of the early Tang Dynasty (618–712 A.D.) in Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

Cited by 7 publications

References 11 publications

Production Techniques and Microstructures of Copper Granule: Experimental Analysis and Archaeological Case Study

Production Techniques and Microstructures of Copper Granule: Experimental Analysis and Archaeological Case Study

Technical characteristics and coating formation mechanism of gilded silver products unearthed from the Consort Tomb of Emperor Shengzong of the Liao dynasty

Reconstruction and Digital Display Design of Women’s Clothing in Jiangnan Area of Yuan Dynasty under Digital

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