Copper IUDs: A review of the literature

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals: Female Reproductive System

“…However, copper toxicity could be modified by adding albumin to the medium (Van Winkle and Campione, 1982) • Review of reproductive perfonmance of patients with disorders of copper metabolism such as Menkes or Wilson's Disease may represent useful models for studying the effects of copper on reproduction. Ghosh et al (1975) Tamaya et al (1976) Brinster and Cross (1972 Van Winkle and Campione (1982) Holland and Pike (1978) Naeslund (1972) Giavini et al (1980) Suzuki and Bialy (1964) Chang et al (1970) Zipper et al (1968) Orlans (1974) Chang et al (1970 Ferm and Hanlon (1974b) James et al (1966) Nordstrom et al (1978a Govoni et al (1978) Lead (Table 7): Lead alters pubertal progression and multiple reproductive endpoints along the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarianuterine axis in sexually mature female experimental animals (Grant et al, 1976;. Lead also appears to alter reproductive function of unexposed rats whose parents were exposed pre-and postnatally (Stowe and Goyer, 1971).…”

“…Epidemiologic Evidence in Humans: None fertility and spontaneous abortion Copper (Table 6): Most information available concerning the effects of copper on female reproduction has focused on implantation and intrauterine events. Copper effectively blocks implantation and for this reason is used in intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) (Orlans, 1974). No metal toxicity on other reproductive endpoi nts have been described as a result of this type of exposure.…”

Size‐Dependent Inhibition of Sperm Motility by Copper Particles as a Path toward Male Contraception

“…[31] It is now proven to be an effective, nonhormonal, reversible female contraception method and is being widely used since the 1970s. [32,33] Safety of such devices is evaluated via apoptosis levels in surrounding tissues. These showed no increase in endometrial tissue after exposure to copper IUDs and is thus considered safe.…”

Size dependent inhibition of sperm motility by copper particles as a path towards reversible male contraception

“…31 It is now proven to be an effective, non-hormonal, reversible female contraception method and is being widely used since 1970s. 32,33 Safety of such devices is evaluated via apoptosis levels in surrounding tissues. These showed no increase in endometrial tissue after exposure to Copper IUDs and is thus considered safe.…”