Aside
from smooth and spherical microcapsules, the concept of tailoring
complex polymeric microstructures is being taken a step ahead due
to their great demand in various applications and fundamental studies
in the subjects of microfluidics and nanotechnology. Size, shape,
and morphology are of paramount importance for their functional performance
and various applications. However, simple, inexpensive, versatile,
and high-throughput techniques for fabricating microcapsules with
controlled morphology remain a bottleneck for discoveries in the subject
of polymer colloids. In this paper, we directly fulfill this need
by reporting a novel approach of Pickering emulsion-templated in situ
polymerization for tailoring complex polymeric microstructures comprised
of a composite shell of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2 NP)-embedded poly(melamine-urea-formaldehyde) (polyMUF) and a core
of hexadecane (HD, soft template). At first, we hydrophobize TiO2 NPs by chemisorbing long-chain biobased myristic acid via
a bidentate chelating complex and precisely tune their wettability
by varying the grafting density of myristic acid to obtain highly
stable oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion. Thereafter, we employ
the optimized TiO2 NPs in the intended encapsulation strategy
that enables various microstructures and morphologies with the particle
diameter ranging from 5 to 20 μm. Careful manipulation of reaction
parameters and copolymer components leads to novel complex microstructures:
smooth, raspberry-like, partially budded, hollow, filled, single-holed,
and closed-cell-like microstructures. Particle properties such as
morphology, size, shell thickness, and core content are governed by
the TiO2 NP content, core-to-shell ratio, copolymer component,
conversion, and pH value. Based on the results of a series of control
experiments, novel mechanisms for the formation of various such microstructures
are proposed.