Direct
formation of Cu nanoparticles was accomplished on an amidine-
and guanidine-functionalized polymer (polystyrene-bound 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
(PS-DBU) and 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (PS-TBD), respectively)
by thermal treatment of Cu(acac)2 (acac = acetylacetonato)
in methanol under pressurized H2. The immobilized structure
was characterized by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
(ICP-AES), elemental analysis, and microscopic analysis. X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) data indicated that the nanoparticles consisted
of Cu(0) and oxygenated Cu(I). The Cu(0)/Cu(I) ratio was determined
by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In particular, X-ray absorption
near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure
(EXAFS) studies indicated the inclusion of alkoxides bound to Cu nanoparticles.
Further 13C-labeled experiments allowed us to identify
the Cu methoxide species by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR). A series of alkoxide-incorporated Cu nanoparticles
were proven to facilitate H2 heterolysis and were applied
in the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to formate salts
in the presence of a nitrogen base. The catalytic activity increased
with decreased mean particle size and increased Cu(I) content, indicating
that the Cu(I) alkoxide species played an indispensable role in hydrogenation.
The combination of Cu/PS-DBU and 2-tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine
(BTMG) achieved a maximum turnover number of 2450 at 100 °C without
leaching or aggregation of the nanosized catalysts.