Copper release rate needed to inhibit fouling on the west coast of Sweden and control of copper release using zinc oxide

Lindgren, J. Fredrik; Ytreberg, Erik; Holmqvist, Albin; Dahlström, Magnus; Dahl, Peter; Berglin, Mattias; Wrange, Anna-Lisa; Dahlström, Mia

doi:10.1080/08927014.2018.1463523

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…However, the concentration of copper after polymer treatment decreased to 1.09 mg/L. Note that the copper concentration in the water sample is high compared to values reported in other sea water samples, [19] which might indicate contamination of the water in our sampling area. However, our study suggests that the crosslinked polymer is still binding a significant amount copper ion even in a complex sample environment (Figure S4).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 48%

Glutaraldehyde and Glyoxal Crosslinked Polyethylenimine for Copper Ion Adsorption from Water

et al. 2022

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The water body can potentially be contaminated with heavy metals such as Cu2+ ions which beyond a certain concentration could impact human and animal health. In the past, different techniques have been developed to remove Cu2+ ions from water. In this study, polyethlenimine (PEI) was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and glyoxal to yield three polymers (P1‐P3). P3 consists of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a template to decrease the size of the crosslinked polymer particles. The polymer powders were used to adsorb Cu2+ from CuSO4 water solutions. The addition of 50, 100 and 150 mg of P3 removed 25, 32 and 38 mg of Cu2+, respectively, from 0.075 M (10 mL) of CuSO4 solution, after stirring at room temperature for 24 h. In comparison, P1 and P2 removed a lower amount. The better performance of P3 arises from the larger surface area of the polymer powder compared to P1 and P2 as revealed from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Kinetic studies indicated that the polymers remove a larger amount of Cu2+ during the first 3 h with a slower rate of adsorption continuing until 12 h. The adsorption kinetics were fitted with Elovich and Pseudo second order models to understand the adsorption mechanism. The higher R2 (∼0.99) value of the linear plots signifies the adsorption is likely to follow a Pseudo second order kinetics, with P3 showing a rate constant of 8.43x10−5 g mg−1 min−1. The Cu2+ loaded polymers (100 mg) were soaked in 10 mL of 2 % HNO3 for 24 h for the desorption of Cu2+, where 12, 10 and 16 mg of Cu2+ desorbed from P1, P2 and P3, respectively. This indicates the polymers could potentially be reused to adsorb another batch of Cu2+ from water to maximize an economic benefit.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 48%

Glutaraldehyde and Glyoxal Crosslinked Polyethylenimine for Copper Ion Adsorption from Water

et al. 2022

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“…Considering that the biological growth on marine surfaces occurs as multistep process when the vessels are not moving for extended periods of time, a controlled release of copper as biocide would extend the lifetime of the antifouling paint and reduce the environmental load of copper at the same time. Lindgren et al reported that the release of 4.68 µg cm −2 day −1 copper is sufficient enough to inhibit the growth of barnacles in the Kattegat area. Here, the amount of copper in the last release cycle is more than 1500 times higher than the required dosage per day.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous PEI Coating for Copper Ion Storage and Its Controlled Electrochemical Release

Elmas

Gedefaw

Larsson

et al. 2020

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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The use of copper‐based chemicals to prevent biological growth has been widely practiced in the past. However, leaching of the copper has increased concentrations in ports and marinas, posing a risk to marine life and the environment. It is therefore timely to develop a sustainable antibiofouling coating that could replace conventional copper‐based paints. Herein, the use of cross‐linked polyethylene imine (PEI) coated on conducting carbon cloth electrodes as a material that can absorb copper from seawater and allow for controlled electrochemical release of copper as a biocide to prevent biofouling is proposed. The results show that the porous coating can store and release copper ions over multiple cycles by passing only 1 mA cm−2 current density through the electrode in artificial seawater. This could enable a closed‐cycle, copper‐based antifouling coating, i.e., a coating that uses the well‐established biocidal activity of copper, but without any net release to the ocean.

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“…Copper compounds, mainly cuprous oxide, have long been the primary biocides in antifouling paints and are still the most widely used today (WHOI 1952;Howell and Behrends 2010). Zinc oxide is a common seawater-soluble filler used to help control the polishing rate, especially in yacht paints (Yebra et al 2006;Yebra and Weinell 2009;Lindgren et al 2018). In marinas, it is therefore mainly these two metals, i.e., Cu and Zn, which are released from the paints and consequently contaminate both water and sediments (An and Kampbell 2003;Kylin and Haglund 2010;Briant et al 2013;Boyle et al 2016;Pourabadehei and Mulligan 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flawed risk assessment of antifouling paints leads to exceedance of guideline values in Baltic Sea marinas

Lagerström

Ferreira

Ytreberg

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The seasonal variations of dissolved and bioavailable copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were studied in two recreational marinas in Sweden and Finland. The time series from the two marinas were characterized by rising concentrations during the spring boat launching, elevated concentrations all through the peak boating season, and decreasing concentrations in autumn when boats were retrieved for winter storage. This pattern shows a clear link between Cu and Zn concentrations and boating activity, with antifouling paints as the principal source. The leaching from antifouling paints was also found to significantly alter the speciation of dissolved Cu and Zn in marina waters, with an increase of the proportion of metals that may be considered bioavailable. This change in speciation, which occurred without any change in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), further increases the environmental risk posed by antifouling paints. In the Swedish marina, dissolved Cu and Zn exceed both Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) and Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC), indicating that the current Swedish risk assessment (RA) of antifouling paints is failing to adequately protect the marine environment. An evaluation of the RA performance showed the underlying cause to be an underestimation of the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) by factors of 2 and 5 for Cu and Zn, respectively. For both metals, the use of inaccurate release rates for the PEC derivation was found to be either mainly (Cu) or partly (Zn) responsible for the underestimation. For Zn, the largest source of error seems to be the use of an inappropriate partitioning coefficient (K D) in the model. To ensure that the use of antifouling coatings does not adversely impact the sensitive Baltic Sea, it is thus recommended that the K D value for Zn is revised and that representative release rates are used in the RA procedure.

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Copper release rate needed to inhibit fouling on the west coast of Sweden and control of copper release using zinc oxide

Cited by 26 publications

References 27 publications

Glutaraldehyde and Glyoxal Crosslinked Polyethylenimine for Copper Ion Adsorption from Water

Glutaraldehyde and Glyoxal Crosslinked Polyethylenimine for Copper Ion Adsorption from Water

Porous PEI Coating for Copper Ion Storage and Its Controlled Electrochemical Release

Flawed risk assessment of antifouling paints leads to exceedance of guideline values in Baltic Sea marinas

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