Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action

Long-Acting Reversible Contraception

“…IUDs do not cause the destruction of an implanted embryo but rather work primarily by preventing fertilization. 8 The copper-containing IUD releases copper ions that are toxic to sperm. 8 The LNG-IUD inhibits ovulation and thickens cervical mucus, which obstructs the penetration of sperm.…”

“…8 The copper-containing IUD releases copper ions that are toxic to sperm. 8 The LNG-IUD inhibits ovulation and thickens cervical mucus, which obstructs the penetration of sperm. 9 Less than 1% of women become pregnant during the first year of IUD use, with pregnancy rates with the LNG-IUD (0.1 to 0.2%) generally reported as lower than the rates with the coppercontaining IUD (0.5 to 0.8%).…”

Ultrasonography: a diagnostic choice to localise intra uterine contraceptive devices

“…Thus fertilization is decreased. 2 Two polyethylene monofilaments connected to the stem, referred to as retrieval strings, allow for detection and removal of Cu-T. 3 Numerous methods for the localization of contraception device have been recommended. Many of these methods use significant dose of ionizing radiations.…”

Rheumatoid arthritis activity and severity in relation to commonly used contraceptive methods in a cohort of Egyptian female patients

“…Rheumatol. (2017) 12 (6) There are some possible mechanisms of action of Cu-IUD including induction of inflammatory foreign-body response in the endometrium that whose cellular and humoral components are released into the uterine cavity, creating a toxic intrauterine milieu that affects the function or viability of gametes, decreasing the rate of fertilization and lowering the chances of survival of any embryo that may be formed, even before it reaches the uterus, together with the spermicidal action of the copper ions released from [36], in addition to local changes due to release of medication in case of LNG-IUD that causes thickening in consistency of cervical mucus, altering sperm migration. LNG-IUDs also result in endometrial suppression [37].…”