Copper toxicity and chemistry in the environment: a review

Flemming, Cecily A.; Trevors, J. T.

doi:10.1007/bf00228784

Cited by 688 publications

(395 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Inorganic dissolved Cu in natural waters exists mostly as complexes of carbonate (e.g., CuCO 3 and Cu(CO 3 ) 2 2− ), hydroxide (e.g., Cu(OH) 2 , Cu-(OH) + , and Cu 2 (OH) 2 2+ ), and NOM. 11 The predominant species is highly dependent on the concentrations of OH − and CO 3 2− (i.e., pH and water hardness). 11 As we showed in this study, organic ligands from biota in aquatic systems may play an important role in Cu-complexation, and thus, its bioavailability and toxicity to organisms.…”

Section: Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In nano-Cu, for instance, the total amount of f-Cu 2+ increased slightly within the first 24 h but in that same period f-Cu 2+ ), and NOM. 11 The predominant species is highly dependent on the concentrations of OH − and CO 3 2− (i.e., pH and water hardness). 11 As we showed in this study, organic ligands from biota in aquatic systems may play an important role in Cu-complexation, and thus, its bioavailability and toxicity to organisms.…”

Section: Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 The predominant species is highly dependent on the concentrations of OH − and CO 3 2− (i.e., pH and water hardness). 11 As we showed in this study, organic ligands from biota in aquatic systems may play an important role in Cu-complexation, and thus, its bioavailability and toxicity to organisms. 34 Suspended and Total Cu in Supernatant.…”

Section: Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Extracellular Polymeric Substances on the Long-Term Fate, Dissolution, and Speciation of Copper-Based Nanoparticles

Adeleye

Conway

Pérez

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

216

217

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ABSTRACT:The influence of phytoplankton-derived soluble extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), pH, and ionic strength (IS) on the dissolution, speciation, and stability of nano-CuO, nano-Cu, and Kocide (a micron sized Cu(OH) 2 -based fungicide) was investigated over 90 days. EPS improved the stability of commercial copper-based nanoparticles (CBNPs) in most conditions, in addition to influencing their dissolution. The dissolution rate was pH 4 ≫ pH 7 > pH 11. The presence of EPS correlated with higher dissolved Cu at pH 7 and 11, and lower dissolved Cu at pH 4. More dissolution was observed at higher IS (NaCl) due to complexation with Cl − . Dissolution of nano-CuO at pH 7 increased from 0.93% after 90 days (without EPS) to 2.01% (with 5 mg-C EPS/L) at 10 mM IS. Nano-CuO dissolved even more (2.42%) when IS was increased to 100 mM NaCl (with EPS). The ratio of freeCu 2+ /total dissolved Cu decreased in the presence of EPS, or as pH and/or IS increased. On a Cu mass basis, Kocide had the highest dissolved and suspended Cu at pH 7. However, dissolution of nano-Cu resulted in a higher fraction of free Cu 2+ , which may make nano-Cu more toxic to pelagic organisms. ■ INTRODUCTIONGlobal production of copper-based nanoparticles (CBNPs) was estimated at ∼200 t/yr in 2010, and is increasing. 1 CBNPs have found use in cosmetics, pigments, paints and coatings, electronics, and pesticides. 2−4 These applications may lead to direct exposure of CBNPs to the environment due to normal use, product wear-and-tear, and/or end-of-life disposal. 1 Toxicity of CBNPs and composites to organisms has been demonstrated. 2,5−8 It is therefore important to understand the long-term fate and transformations of these materials in aquatic systems in order to predict exposure to at-risk organisms.Stability and dissolution of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) depend on ionic strength (IS), pH, and natural organic material (NOM). 9−12 Rapid aggregation of nano-Cu was reported in freshwater by Griffitt et al. 5 The authors also found that less than 0.1% of the nano-Cu dissolved in 48 h in the freshwater media used (pH 8.2). 98% dissolution of nano-Cu was however reported at pH 6 in "uterine-fluid" after a week, 13 demonstrating the importance of pH and media composition on CBNPs' dissolution. Mudunkotuwa and co-workers 14 reported increased dissolution of aged and new CBNPs in the presence of organic acids. Similarly, Worthington et al. 15 showed that the chitosan improved stability and dissolution of nano-Cu. To our knowledge, no studies have previously investigated the effects of naturally occurring NOM such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the stability and dissolution of CBNPs. EPS are synthesized by microorganisms, which are abundant in natural aquatic systems. EPS are mainly composed of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and other polymers; and their composition may vary spatially and temporally even within the same species. 16 EPS may interact with ENPs, thus affecting their fate and transformation. 17 Additional...

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Section: Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influence of Extracellular Polymeric Substances on the Long-Term Fate, Dissolution, and Speciation of Copper-Based Nanoparticles

Adeleye

Conway

Pérez

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

216

217

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“…Elevated concentrations of copper in soils can 42 however lead to toxic effects on plants and soil-dwelling animals and hence on 43 ecosystems as a whole (Flemming and Trevors, 1989). For this reason, ecological risk 44 assessment of copper is an important aspect of the management of concentrations of 45 the metal in soils.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the effects of copper on soil organisms and processes using the free ion approach: Towards a multi-species toxicity model

Lofts

Criel

Janssen

et al. 2013

Environmental Pollution

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The free ion approach has been previously used to calculate critical limit 22 concentrations for soil metals based on point estimates of toxicity. Here, the approach 23 was applied to dose-response data for copper effects on seven biological endpoints in 24 each of 19 European soils. The approach was applied using the concept of an effective 25 dose, comprising a function of the concentrations of free copper and 'protective' 26 major cations, including H + . A significant influence of H + on the toxicity of Cu 2+ was 27 found, while the effects of other cations were inconsistent. The model could be 28 generalised by forcing the effect of H + and the slope of the dose-response relationship 29 to be equal for all endpoints. This suggests the possibility of a general bioavailability 30 model for copper effects on organisms. Furthermore, the possibility of such a model 31 could be explored for other cationic metals such as nickel, zinc, cadmium and lead. 32 33

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“…Similarly, it is found that biomarkers are also affected by seasonality (Ivanković et al, 2005; Bocchetti and Regoli , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 5 organism. Although, Cu and Zn are essential trace metals required for a wide range of metabolic processes of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, for cell signaling, cell growth and respiration (Flemming and Trevors, 1989;Murakami and Hirano, 2008), they can also be toxic if present in a high enough concentration. Cadmium, on the other hand, is generally considered as a toxic trace element and identified as a priority hazardous substance in many EU countries (WFD, 2000) although some recent researches shown that Cd can be of benefit for some marine diatoms (Lane and Morel, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the cytosolic distribution of priority pollutant metals and metalloids in the digestive gland cytosol of marine mussels: Seasonal and spatial variability

Strižak

Ivanković

Pröfrock

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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Copper toxicity and chemistry in the environment: a review

Cited by 688 publications

References 71 publications

Influence of Extracellular Polymeric Substances on the Long-Term Fate, Dissolution, and Speciation of Copper-Based Nanoparticles

Influence of Extracellular Polymeric Substances on the Long-Term Fate, Dissolution, and Speciation of Copper-Based Nanoparticles

Modelling the effects of copper on soil organisms and processes using the free ion approach: Towards a multi-species toxicity model

Characterization of the cytosolic distribution of priority pollutant metals and metalloids in the digestive gland cytosol of marine mussels: Seasonal and spatial variability

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