Copper uptake kinetics and toxicological effects of ionic Cu and CuO nanoparticles on the seaweed Ulva rigida

Antioxidant Activity, Inhibition of Intestinal Cancer Cell Growth and Polyphenolic Compounds of the Seagrass Posidonia oceanica’s Extracts from Living Plants and Beach Casts

“…However, as P. oceanica plants grow at great depths (10-50 m), they are not expected to be exposed to a wide range of environmental changes (e.g., temperature, drought, UV radiation, toxic pollutants) compared to shallow water seagrass species such as Cymodocea nodosa [2,57,58]. Although P. oceanica, in the study area, is protected by the 'Natura 2000' convention, its shoot density (211-409 shoots m −2 ), according to 'POSBEMED 2' [8], has been ranged from irregular (<237) to sub-normal (<349) [61], which may indicate possible environmental stress, contributing, among other effects, to increased ROS production [24][25][26][27]60]. ROS are derivatives of anaerobic plant metabolism, which, at low concentrations, participate in physiological cell procedures, while, in excess, they can cause damage to the macromolecules (e.g., lipids, proteins, DNA) [20].…”

“…Biotic and abiotic environmental factors [ 2 , 3 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ] can cause oxidative stress to seagrasses [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Oxidative biomarkers have been proposed as suitable for assessing the physiological state of these organisms [ 24 , 60 ].…”

“…• ) and alkoxyl (RO • ) radicals, singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 *) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) [24][25][26][27]. Extreme amounts of ROS lead to oxidative damage in plant biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) [28].…”

“…As seagrasses grow worldwide, in a variety of coastal and estuarine environments, they are expected to be exposed to a multitude of abiotic and biotic environmental stresses [ 2 , 3 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. These stressors have been shown to result in an increase in the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), such as hydroperoxyl (HO 2 • ), superoxide (O 2 •− ), hydroxyl (OH • ), alkyl peroxyl (RO 2 • ) and alkoxyl (RO • ) radicals, singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 *) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Extreme amounts of ROS lead to oxidative damage in plant biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) [ 28 ].…”

“…Extreme amounts of ROS lead to oxidative damage in plant biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) [ 28 ]. Thus, oxidative stress stimulates enzymatic (i.e., SOD, CAT, APX) [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 ] and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms [ 29 , 30 ] in seagrasses. The antioxidant activity has been studied in the living leaves of different seagrass species such as Posidonia oceanica , Zostera marina , Thalassia testudinum , T. hemprichii , Thalassodendron ciliatum , Halodule pinifolia and Spyringodium filiforme [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”