Coral grafting supplemented with bone marrow

Abstract

Limited success in regenerating large bone defects has been achieved by bridging them with osteoconductive materials. These substitutes lack the osteogenic and osteoinductive properties of bone autograft. A direct approach would be to stimulate osteogenesis in these biomaterials by the addition of fresh bone-marrow cells (BMC).We therefore created osteoperiosteal gaps 2 cm wide in the ulna of adult rabbits and either bridged them with coral alone (CC), coral supplemented with BMC, or left them empty. Coral was chosen as a scaffold because of its good biocompatibility and resorbability. In osteoperiosteal gaps bridged with coral only, the coral was invaded chiefly by fibrous tissue. It was insufficient to produce union after two months. In defects filled with coral and BMC an increase in osteogenesis was observed and the bone surface area was significantly higher compared with defects filled with coral alone. Bony union occurred in six out of six defects filled with coral and BMC after two months. An increase in the resorption of coral was also observed, suggesting that resorbing cells or their progenitors were present in bone marrow and survived the grafting procedure. Our findings have shown that supplementation of coral with BMC increased both the resorption of material and osteogenesis in defects of a clinical significance.

Biocompatibility of various hydoxyapatite scaffolds evaluated by proliferation of rat’s bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: an <em>in vitro</em> study

“…glycerol and calcium sulphate) which may cause cellular toxicity. 8,10,14 In addition, dissolution of HA-calcium sulphate will produce acidity in cell environtment. 16 Ions released from calcium sulphate material may produce hyperosmolarity that may cause cell proliferation.…”

“…It may also determine correlation between toxic effect of scaffold and cell death. [8][9][10] Indirect toxicity test was performed using MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. This assay measure cellular metabolic activity via NAD(P)H-dependent cellular oxidoreductase enzymes and may, under defined conditions, reflect the number of viable cells (cell proliferation).…”

Fresh bone marrow introduction into porous scaffolds using a simple low‐pressure loading method for effective osteogenesis in a rabbit model

“…10,11 Bone marrow has an osteogenic capability in both orthotopic 22 and heterotopic sites, 23 and its combination with adequate scaffolds can enhance bone formation. [6][7][8][9]12,13 In addition, these methods have clinical merits of being autologous, so no concern exists about immunologic responses.…”

“…Bone marrow has a good osteogenic ability when combined with porous ceramics, [6][7][8][9] and has the clinical merits of being autologous and intraoperatively available, with harvesting done by a simple, safe aspiration. 10,11 However, porous ceramics have small pores, and a large amount of remaining air can prevent marrow penetration.…”

Repair of orbital wall defects using biocoral scaffolds combined with bone marrow stem cells enhanced by human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in a canine model

“…The scaffolds had a volume porosity of 70% with a pore diameter of 300-350 μm. With a resistance to pressure of 300 MPa, they should be stable enough to fill bone gaps (12,13).…”