Coral larvae exhibit few measurable transcriptional changes during the onset of coral-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis

Schnitzler, Christine E.; Weis, Virginia M.

doi:10.1016/j.margen.2010.08.002

Cited by 43 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Symbioses frequently have a nutritional basis, such as nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium-legume symbioses (Lodwig et al, 2003), supplementation of amino acids in Buchnera symbionts of aphids (Ramsey et al, 2010;Hansen and Moran, 2011), chemoautotrophy in marine mussels and worms (Woyke et al, 2006;Petersen et al, 2011) or photosynthesis in symbionts of corals or ascidians (Weis and Allemand, 2009;Schnitzler and Weis, 2010;Donia et al, 2011). Here we present bacterial heterotrophy, that is, the ability to utilize diverse carbon sources, as a potential functional basis for the interaction of microbial symbionts with sponges.…”

Section: Symbiotic Heterotrophy In Spongesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Single-cell genomics reveals complex carbohydrate degradation patterns in poribacterial symbionts of marine sponges

et al. 2013

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Many marine sponges are hosts to dense and phylogenetically diverse microbial communities that are located in the extracellular matrix of the animal. The candidate phylum Poribacteria is a predominant member of the sponge microbiome and its representatives are nearly exclusively found in sponges. Here we used single-cell genomics to obtain comprehensive insights into the metabolic potential of individual poribacterial cells representing three distinct phylogenetic groups within Poribacteria. Genome sizes were up to 5.4 Mbp and genome coverage was as high as 98.5%. Common features of the poribacterial genomes indicated that heterotrophy is likely to be of importance for this bacterial candidate phylum. Carbohydrate-active enzyme database screening and further detailed analysis of carbohydrate metabolism suggested the ability to degrade diverse carbohydrate sources likely originating from seawater and from the host itself. The presence of uronic acid degradation pathways as well as several specific sulfatases provides strong support that Poribacteria degrade glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans, which are important components of the sponge host matrix. Dominant glycoside hydrolase families further suggest degradation of other glycoproteins in the host matrix. We therefore propose that Poribacteria are well adapted to an existence in the sponge extracellular matrix. Poribacteria may be viewed as efficient scavengers and recyclers of a particular suite of carbon compounds that are unique to sponges as microbial ecosystems.

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Section: Symbiotic Heterotrophy In Spongesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Single-cell genomics reveals complex carbohydrate degradation patterns in poribacterial symbionts of marine sponges

et al. 2013

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“…In the case of cnidarians, while broad knowledge on their association with Symbiodinium is available, there are still relatively few studies on the larva-Symbiodinium association (Rodriguez-Lanetty et al, 2006;Voolstra et al, 2009b;Schnitzler and Weis, 2010;Wolfowicz et al, 2016). Approximately 80-90% of reef-building coral species (Scleractinia) are broadcast spawners and acquire symbionts horizontally (Harrison and Wallace, 1990;Baird et al, 2009;Harrison, 2011).…”

Section: Marine Invertebrate Larvae Associated With Symbiodiniummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genomes for types within clades A, B, and F (Shoguchi et al, 2013;Lin et al, 2015;Aranda et al, 2016), transcriptomes for types within clades A-D (Bayer et al, 2012;Ladner et al, 2012;Parkinson et al, 2016) and the plastid genome for type B1 (Mungpakdee et al, 2014) and type C3 have been sequenced in recent years, but further information, especially on metabolic pathways, is still missing. However, a few experiments investigated differential gene expression in coral larvae with and without symbionts, all of which reported the absence of or rather small gene expression differences in the transcriptomes of symbiotic hosts when compared to the aposymbiotic state (deBoer et al, 2007;Voolstra et al, 2009b;Schnitzler and Weis, 2010). Only recently, a study by Mohamed et al (2016) detected a transient period of differential expression involving a limited number of genes (3% of assayed transcriptome) 4 h after the exposure of Acropora digitifera planula larvae to a competent strain of Symbiodinium.…”

Section: Biochemical and Molecular Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Especially considering reports that some larvae may digest the symbionts instead of engaging in a symbiotic relationship (Titlyanov et al, 1998;Mies et al, 2017c). The available gene expression studies are inconclusive in regard to whether the observed gene expression changes in coral larvae are specific to the symbiont exposure (deBoer et al, 2007;Voolstra et al, 2009a;Schnitzler and Weis, 2010;Mohamed et al, 2016). For instance, it is unclear if these changes are related to a mutualistic relationship or to the mere presence of a foreign algal body.…”

Section: Is There a Mutualism From The Start?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marine Invertebrate Larvae Associated with Symbiodinium: A Mutualism from the Start?

et al. 2017

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Symbiodinium are dinoflagellate photosynthetic algae that associate with a diverse array of marine invertebrates, and these relationships are comprehensively documented for adult animal hosts. Conversely, comparatively little is known about the associations during larval development of animal hosts, although four different metazoan phyla (Porifera, Cnidaria, Acoelomorpha, and Mollusca) produce larvae associated with Symbiodinium. These phyla represent considerable diversities in larval forms, manner of symbiont acquisition, and requirements on the presence of symbionts for successful metamorphosis. Importantly, the different requirements are conveyed by specific symbiont types that are selected by the host animal larvae. Nevertheless, it remains to be determined whether these associations during larval stages already represent mutualistic interactions, as evident from the relationship of Symbiodinium with their adult animal hosts. For instance, molecular studies suggest that the host larval transcriptome is nearly unaltered after symbiont acquisition. Even so, a symbiosis-specific gene has been identified in Symbiodinium that is expressed in larval host stages, and similar genes are currently being described for host organisms. However, some reports suggest that the metabolic exchange between host larvae and Symbiodinium may not cover the energetic requirements of the host. Here, we review current studies to summarize what is known about the association between metazoan larvae and Symbiodinium. In particular, our aim was to gather in how far the mutualistic relationship present between adult animals hosts and Symbiodinium is already laid out at the time of symbiont acquisition by host larvae. We conclude that the mutualistic relationship between animal hosts and algal symbionts in many cases is not set up during larval development. Furthermore, symbiont identity may influence whether a mutualism can be established during host larval stages.

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“…Where alternative estimates are provided in one publication, the most extreme values are displayed here. (Schnitzler and Weis, 2010;Voolstra et al, 2009;Yuyama et al, 2011). One of the earliest steps in the coral symbioses might therefore be the repression (or at least avoiding the induction) of genes that are involved in the degradation or expulsion of endocytosed prey (Voolstra et al, 2009).…”

Section: How To Avoid Immediate Destruction?mentioning

confidence: 99%

What makes a chloroplast? Reconstructing the establishment of photosynthetic symbioses

Dorrell¹,

Howe²

2012

Journal of Cell Science

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SummaryEarth is populated by an extraordinary diversity of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Many eukaryotic lineages contain chloroplasts, obtained through the endosymbiosis of a wide range of photosynthetic prokaryotes or eukaryotes, and a wide variety of otherwise nonphotosynthetic species form transient associations with photosynthetic symbionts. Chloroplast lineages are likely to be derived from preexisting transient symbioses, but it is as yet poorly understood what steps are required for the establishment of permanent chloroplasts from photosynthetic symbionts. In the past decade, several species that contain relatively recently acquired chloroplasts, such as the rhizarian Paulinella chromatophora, and non-photosynthetic taxa that maintain photosynthetic symbionts, such as the sacoglossan sea slug Elysia, the ciliate Myrionecta rubra and the dinoflagellate Dinophysis, have emerged as potential model organisms in the study of chloroplast establishment. In this Commentary, we compare recent molecular insights into the maintenance of chloroplasts and photosynthetic symbionts from these lineages, and others that might represent the early stages of chloroplast establishment. We emphasise the importance in the establishment of chloroplasts of gene transfer events that minimise oxidative stress acting on the symbiont. We conclude by assessing whether chloroplast establishment is facilitated in some lineages by a mosaic of genes, derived from multiple symbiotic associations, encoded in the host nucleus.

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Coral larvae exhibit few measurable transcriptional changes during the onset of coral-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis

Cited by 43 publications

References 77 publications

Single-cell genomics reveals complex carbohydrate degradation patterns in poribacterial symbionts of marine sponges

Single-cell genomics reveals complex carbohydrate degradation patterns in poribacterial symbionts of marine sponges

Marine Invertebrate Larvae Associated with Symbiodinium: A Mutualism from the Start?

What makes a chloroplast? Reconstructing the establishment of photosynthetic symbioses

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