Coral reef rehabilitation sites selection based on seasonal waves and environmental quality as ecological supporting system on Mandangin Island

Abstract

The natural rehabilitation process in the coral reef ecosystem requires a genuinely suitable environment minimum disturbance marine threats. Baby coral is a fragile organism used to increase the quantity of coral reef cover during rehabilitating coral reef ecosystems— determination for coral rehabilitation sites with minimum marine threats for increasing success. The destructive fishing around Mandangin Island induces a declination of live coral coverage. On average, live coral cover around Mandangin Islands is under 10 percent. However, there is high coverage of dead coral that is still functional as a shelter for reef fish in the southeast Mandangin Islands. The dead reef structure can still prevent the coastal area from high seasonal waves hitting the southeast coast from July to September. A large-scale reef structure makes it difficult for small-scale fishers to disturb the rehabilitation area. Water quality indicated that east-to-south coastal areas are considered coral rehabilitation sites. Unique water quality affects the coral adaptation on Mandangin Island. East to Southeast coastal areas are considered coral reef rehabilitation locations based on coral reef cover, water quality, and seasonal waves. The limitation of the coral fragment from Mandangin Islands became the most concerned variable for rehabilitation and reef-structure design to anticipate the seasonal waves.