Cord Blood—An Alternative Source for Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Bone regeneration is one of the best investigated pathways in mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) biology. Therefore strong efforts have been made to introduce tissue engineering and cell therapeutics as an alternative treatment option for patients with bone defects. This review of the literature gives an overview of MSC biology aiming for clinical application including advantages but also specific challenges and problems which are associated with cord blood derived stromal cell (CB-MSC) as a source for bone regeneration. The use of postnatal CB-MSC is ethically uncomplicated and requires no invasive harvesting procedure. Moreover, most data document a high osteogenic potential of CB-MCS and also low immunoreactivity compared with other MSC types. The expression profile of CB-MSC during osteogenic differentiation shows similarities to that of other MSC types. Within the umbilical cord different MSC types have been characterized which are potent to differentiate into osteoblasts. In contrast to a large number of in vitro investigations there are only few in vivo studies available so far.

Osteogenic response of human mesenchymal stem cells to well-defined nanoscale topography in vitro

“…Human MSCs residing in bone marrow 35 and other adult tissues [36][37][38][39] are able to differentiate into several cell types in the mesenchymal lineage. 40 After a medical device is implanted into a bone cavity or defect, circulating hMSCs migrate to the implant site where they adhere and differentiate into functional osteoblasts, eventually supporting tissue remodeling and healing.…”

Deleterious Effects of Freezing on Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

“…The most obvious example is the cryostorage of umbilical cord-derived blood [22]. The process of cell freezing and the long-term storage under such conditions inevitably alters cellular processes [23].…”

Spermatogonial Stem Cells: An Alternate Source of Pluripotent Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine

“…Adult stem cells derived from adipose tissues can differentiate in vitro into many cell types including adipocyte, chondrocyte, endothelial, epithelial, hematopoietic support, hepatocyte, neuronal, myogenic, and osteoblast lineages (Gimble and Guilak 2003;Halvorsen et al 2001;Safford et al 2002;Zuk et al 2001). Fetal stem cells are self-renewing cells located in various types of fetal tissue, including umbilical cord blood, umbilical cord matrix, fetal blood and the amniotic membrane (Reinisch and Strunk 2009;Jager et al 2009;Zeddou et al, 2010). Umbilical cord blood contain multiple populations of stem cells that can be effective in treating many diseases such as hematological malignancies, hemoglobinopathies, metabolic disorders and the greatest advantage of these cells is decreased immune rejection (Liao et al, 2011 …”