Core–Shell Sn–Ni–Cu-Alloy@Carbon Nanorods to Array as Three-Dimensional Anode by Nanoelectrodeposition for High-Performance Lithium Ion Batteries

Abstract

We report the synthesis of a novel three-dimensional anode based on the core-shell Sn-Ni-Cu-alloy@carbon nanorods which was fabricated by pulse nanoelectrodeposition. Li ion batteries equipped with the three-dimensional anode demonstrated almost 100% capacity retention over 400 cycles at 450 mA g(-1) and excellent rate performance even up to 9000 mA g(-1) for advanced Li-ion battery. Insight of the high performance can be attributed to three key factors, Li-Sn alloys for Li-ion storage, Ni-Cu matrix for the electronic conductive and nanorods structure, and the carbon shell for the electronic/Li-ion conductive and holding stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), because these shells always kept stable volumes after extension of initial charge-discharge cycles.

In Situ Construction of Multibuffer Structure 3D CoSn@SnOx/CoOx@C Anode Material for Ultralong Life Lithium Storage

“…XPS analysis was further used to identify the surface chemical state of 3D CoSn@Sn x O/Co x O@C. The XPS full spectrum scan of 3D CoSn@Sn x O/Co x O@C reveals the presence of C, O, Co, and Sn in the composite (Figure S8, Supporting Information). As shown in Figure c, the high‐resolution C 1s spectrum is composed of four peaks centered at 283.7, 284.7, 288.2, and 290.13 eV, which are corresponding to C═C, C—C, C═O, and O═C—O bonds, respectively . The high‐resolution O 1s spectrum in Figure d shows three types of oxygen contributions, denoted as O1, O2, and O3, respectively.…”

“…In comparison, the BET of bulk CoSn@C is only 65.3 m 2 g À1 , indicating the NaCl template is responsible for the pore structure and large SSA ( Figure S6 Figure 3c, the high-resolution C 1s spectrum is composed of four peaks centered at 283.7, 284.7, 288.2, and 290.13 eV, which are corresponding to C═C, C-C, C═O, and O═C-O bonds, respectively. [15] The high-resolution O 1s spectrum in Figure 3d shows three types of oxygen contributions, denoted as O1, O2, and O3, respectively. Specifically, the component O1 at 529.89 eV represents the typical peak of metal-oxygen bond.…”

“…), and constructing Sn-based/carbon hybrid have been identified as three effective strategies to suppress the volume change of Sn and enhance its electrochemical performance. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Generally speaking, fabricating nanoalloy can reduce the ion-diffusion path, facilitate the electrolyte fully infiltrating into the electrode, and decrease absolute stress of the particles. Introducing inert metallic phase or carbon matrix as a stress buffer can greatly enhance the mechanical stability of the entire electrode.…”

Ultrafast, Highly Reversible, and Cycle‐Stable Lithium Storage Boosted by Pseudocapacitance in Sn‐Based Alloying Anodes

“…Recently, from the point of view of atom migration and structural integrity, our group successfully designed Sn‐based dense nanocomposites, to achieve spatially confined electrochemical reactions, successfully avoiding intercluster migration upon cycling, resulting in enhanced structural integrity and much improved electrochemical performance . As for the other aspect concerning the rate capability of Sn‐based anodes, through the incorporation of conductive agents and/or the utilization of nanostructured materials, the rate performance of Sn‐based anodes has been improved to some extent . The rate performance is, however, still far from satisfactory, especially considering the emerging power applications.…”

Intermetallic Ni3Sn4-based graphene@carbon hybrid composites for lithium-ion batteries

“…The depressed semicircle arising in the high and middle frequency region could be attributed to the Li‐ion diffusion throughout SEI layer. Moreover, slopping curve obtained at lower frequencies clearly indicating the Warburg impedance, which presents Li‐ion movement looping between electrodes . The Nyquist plots were fitted to an the equivalent circuit in the inset of Figure , where the R s is used to represent the electrolyte and ohmic resistance, R ct represents the film resistance formed over the electrode surface and the charge transfer resistance, CPE used to represent the constant phase elements, while the Warburg impedance ( W s ) used as the bulk diffusion resistance of Li‐ions.…”