Core–Shell Type Polystyrene Latex Possessing Reactive Poly(ethylene glycol) Brushes on the Surface for High Performance Immunodiagnostics

Abstract

ABSTRACT:Amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-b-polylactide (PEG/PLA) block macromonomers with an aldehyde group at the PEG chain end and a methacryloyl group at the PLA chain end were quantitatively synthesized by anionic polymerization. PEGylated latex particles were then prepared by dispersion radical copolymerization of the PEG/PLA block macromonomer with styrene in water. PEG/PLA macromonomer itself works as a surfactant to stabilize styrene droplets in the copolymerization process. Acetal groups at the PEG chain end on the latex particle were quantitatively converted to aldehyde groups by an acid treatment. In this way, polystyrene latex particles covered with PEG tethered chains possessing an aldehyde end-group were obtained. The size of the latex was quantitatively controlled ranging in size from 56 nm to 235 nm by the amount of the block macromonomer. The number of aldehyde groups on the latex particle was estimated to be approximately 0.029 molecules nm −2 by electric spin resonance (ESR) using 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as a probe. Regardless of the size of the latex particles synthesized in this study, the occupied area of 4-amino-TEMPO on the particle was constant. Biotin was then introduced in a distal end of PEG-strands as a model ligand. The biotin-modified PEGylated latex was coagulated in a facile manner by the addition of avidin. From an inhibitory coagulation test using free biotin, it was found that more than 5.8 × 10 8 times of free biotin was required for the prevention of coagulation. Such a high complex formation ability of the biotin on the latex surface to avidin may be explained by the hypervalency effect. The core-shell type polystyrene latex particles, with reactive PEG brushes thus prepared, show a stable dispersity and a lowered non-specific interaction with proteinous compounds, and may have a promising potential in the diagnostic field.KEY WORDS Polystyrene Latex / Heterobifunctional Block Macromonomer / Aldehyde Group / Ractive Poly(ethylene glycol) Brush / Immunodiagnostic / Latex particles ranging in size from submicron to a few hundred micrometers have been extensively utilized in versatile fields such as paints, inks, adhesives and rubber. The method for controlling size and the size distribution of latex particles has been well established. 1 In 1956, Singer and Plotz reported that polystyrene latex particles adsorbed with immuno gamma globulin G (IgG) can be utilized in immuno diagnostics, 2 because the immuno-coagulation response was enhanced by the use of an IgG adsorbed latex particle. Since then, such a latex-based immunodiagnostic system has been widely utilized and is known as a turbidimetric assay method.When polystyrene-based latex is used in the immunodiagnostic field, non-specific adsorption of protein and cellular components to the latex surface is one of the major obstacles because of its hydrophobic propen- † To whom correspondence should be addressed. sity. Ito et al. reported that dispersion polymerization of styrene in the presence o...

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