Core temperature differences between males and females during intermittent exercise: physical considerations

Gagnon, Daniel; Dorman, Lucy E.; Jay, Ollie; Hardcastle, Stephen G.; Kenny, Glen P.

doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0923-3

Cited by 50 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In such a design, with males and females exercising at a similar relative intensity % _ VO 2peak ; males will often produce more heat than females, since their aerobic capacity and body mass are typically greater. Accordingly, this greater heat production will lead to greater sweating in males (Gagnon et al 2008(Gagnon et al , 2009). Nevertheless, it has been shown that males produce significantly more sweat than females during exercise, even when differences in aerobic capacity between them are not evident Frye and Kamon 1983;Keatisuwan et al 1996;Kenny and Jay 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sex-related differences in sweat gland cholinergic sensitivity exist irrespective of differences in aerobic capacity

Madeira

Fonseca

et al. 2009

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Mechanisms accounting for sex-related differences in the sweat response remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we focused on differences in sweat gland cholinergic sensitivity between males and females. Since, males usually possess higher aerobic capacity than females, we investigated sweating in males and females grouped according to aerobic capacity (.VO(2peak)). Forty-four subjects were assigned to four groups: males with higher (MH) and lower (ML), and females with higher (FH) and lower (FL) .VO(2peak). Forearm sweating was induced by iontophoretic administration (1.5 mA, 60 muA cm(-2), 5 min) of pure water or varying concentrations of pilocarpine hydrochloride (0.125, 0.250, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%). Local sweat rate (absorbent paper) and the number of activated sweat glands (iodine impregnated paper) were computed. Maximal pilocarpine-induced sweat rate (SR(max)) and the pilocarpine concentration which elicited 50% of maximal sweating response (K (m)) were calculated. Sweat rate and active gland density increased in response to greater doses of pilocarpine (p < 0.05). Inter-group differences were evident: SR(max) was greatest for MH and lowest for FL (p < 0.05), but no significant differences were observed between ML and FH (p = 0.24). Higher SR(max) were observed, within-sex, for those with greater aerobic capacity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, males' K (m) values were higher than females', indicating greater sweat gland affinity for pilocarpine even for groups having similar aerobic capacity (p < 0.05). In summary, we confirmed that the human sudomotor response is affected by aerobic capacity but, also, that sex-related differences in sweat gland cholinergic sensitivity exist and are not necessarily associated with the typical differences in .VO(2peak) observed between sexes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sex-related differences in sweat gland cholinergic sensitivity exist irrespective of differences in aerobic capacity

Madeira

Fonseca

et al. 2009

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…Briefly, women are less capable of dissipating excess heat when performing physical work in a hot environment because of higher body fat and lower sweat rates than men. For the same job task, women will show a greater increase in heat load (Gagnon et al 2009). It has also been suggested that this effect may be slightly exacerbated during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle because of hormonal fluctuations affecting central thermoregulatory centers (Inoue et al 2005).…”

Section: Sex Differences In Response To Environmental Extremesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current considerations related to physiological differences between the sexes and physical employment standards

Roberts

Gebhardt²,

Gaskill

et al. 2016

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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The use of physical employment standards (PES) has helped ensure that workers have the physical attributes necessary to complete their jobs in a safe and efficient manner. However, PES used in the selection processes have not always reflected the critical physical requirements of the job tasks. Women generally have smaller anthropometric stature than men, less muscle mass, and therefore less strength, power, and endurance, particularly in the upper body. Nonetheless, these attributes in themselves are not valid grounds for exclusion from employment in physically demanding occupations. Selection standards based upon size or strength, irrespective of the job requirements, have resulted in the barring of capable women from physically demanding jobs, claims of gender bias, and costly litigations. To ensure all individuals are provided with equal access to employment, accurate characterization of the critical physical requirements of the job is paramount. This paper summarizes the existing research related to disparities between the sexes that contribute to sex differences in job performance in physically demanding occupations including physical and legal factors. Strategies for mitigating these differences in the setting of PES and the meeting of minimum employment standards are discussed. Where available, injury rates for women and men in physically demanding occupations are presented and the etiology considered. Finally, areas for further research are identified.

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“…This allowed us to assess the ability of the individuals to dissipate heat during exercise using core temperature responses (9, 14, 19). This methodology has been utilized by others when examining thermoregulatory differences between sexes, individuals of varying ages, fitness levels, and body weights (2, 9, 14, 19). Core temperature increased to the greatest extent in those with >40% BSA grafted (Figure 1), and those with 17-40% BSA grafted tended to have a greater increase in core temperature relative to Controls, but this did not reach statistical significance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An additional factor contributing to the lack of consistency regarding the effect of skin grafts on thermoregulation is likely related to methodological controls (5, 28). Given that increases in core temperature during exercise depend upon the balance between the rate of metabolic heat production and the rate of heat dissipation, it is important to clamp the rate of metabolic heat production between individuals when comparisons are made between groups (14, 19). With metabolic heat production controlled, any differences in core temperature can more precisely be attributed to differences in heat dissipation (i.e., thermoregulation).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nongrafted Skin Area Best Predicts Exercise Core Temperature Responses in Burned Humans

Ganio

Schlader

Pearson

et al. 2015

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Grafted skin impairs heat dissipation, but it is unknown to what extent this impacts body temperature during exercise in the heat. PURPOSE We examined core body temperature responses during exercise in the heat in a group of individuals with a large range of grafts covering their body surface area (BSA; 0-75%). METHODS Forty-three individuals (19 females) were stratified into groups based upon BSA grafted: Control (0% grafted, n=9), 17-40% (n=19), and >40% (n=15). Subjects exercised at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production (339 ± 70 W; 4.3 ± 0.8 W/kg) in an environmental chamber set at 40°C, 30% RH for 90 min or until exhaustion (n=8). Whole-body sweat rate and core temperatures were measured. RESULTS Whole body sweat rates were similar between groups (Control: 14.7±3.4 ml/min, 17-40%: 12.6±4.0 ml/min, and >40%: 11.7±4.4 ml/min, P>0.05), but the increase in core temperature at the end of exercise in the >40% BSA grafted group (1.6±0.5°C) was greater than the 17-40% (1.2±0.3°C) and Control (0.9±0.2°C) groups (P<0.05). Absolute BSA of non-grafted skin (expressed in m2) was the strongest independent predictor of the core temperature increase (r2=0.41). When re-grouping all subjects, individuals with the lowest BSA of non-grafted skin (<1.0 m2) had greater increases in core temperature (1.6±0.5°C) than those with >1.5 m2 non-grafted skin (1.0±0.3°C, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data imply that individuals with grafted skin have greater increases in core temperature when exercising in the heat and that the magnitude of this increase is best explained by the amount of non-grafted skin available for heat dissipation.

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Core temperature differences between males and females during intermittent exercise: physical considerations

Cited by 50 publications

References 20 publications

Sex-related differences in sweat gland cholinergic sensitivity exist irrespective of differences in aerobic capacity

Sex-related differences in sweat gland cholinergic sensitivity exist irrespective of differences in aerobic capacity

Current considerations related to physiological differences between the sexes and physical employment standards

Nongrafted Skin Area Best Predicts Exercise Core Temperature Responses in Burned Humans

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