Corneal perforation due to palytoxin exposure of domestic zoanthid corals

Coral Keratitis: Case Report and Review of Mechanisms of Action, Clinical Management and Prognosis of Ocular Exposure to Palytoxin

“…Our case makes nineteen total reported cases of ocular exposure. Seventeen cases have occurred since 2010 (89%), 5,7,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] with fifteen occurring since 2015 (79%). 7,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] The only case that was reported outside of North America or Europe occurred in Australia.…”

“…Seventeen cases have occurred since 2010 (89%), 5,7,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] with fifteen occurring since 2015 (79%). 7,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] The only case that was reported outside of North America or Europe occurred in Australia. 14 Of the eleven cases where the cause of ocular exposure was reported, one case was the result of aquarium water splashing into the eye (9%), 12 in four cases the coral squirted toxin directly into the eye (36%), 7,[13][14][15] two reports resulted from either ocean water exposure 18,19 or rubbing the eye 5,16 after handling coral (18% each), one was "exposed to PTX gas" (9%), and one report resulted from contaminated dust (9%) though there is a possibility that the patient rubbed their eye and did not recall that during the history.…”

“…11,17 Seven (39%) have presented with visual acuity of 20/70 or worse. 7,11,16 Of the twenty one eyes with reported best correct visual acuity (BCVA) at follow-up, nine (43%) had 20/25 or better, 5,7,11,14,19 eight (38%) had BCVA between 20/30 and 20/90, 11,12,17 with four (19%) having best-corrected visual acuity of 20/100 or worse at final follow-up. 11,16 The mildest cases were treated conservatively and had excellent outcomes; treatment was reported in all but one case.…”

“…7,11,16 Of the twenty one eyes with reported best correct visual acuity (BCVA) at follow-up, nine (43%) had 20/25 or better, 5,7,11,14,19 eight (38%) had BCVA between 20/30 and 20/90, 11,12,17 with four (19%) having best-corrected visual acuity of 20/100 or worse at final follow-up. 11,16 The mildest cases were treated conservatively and had excellent outcomes; treatment was reported in all but one case. Fourteen cases (73%) were treated with steroids, 5,7,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] though they were delayed in nine (64%) of those patients.…”

“…11,16 The mildest cases were treated conservatively and had excellent outcomes; treatment was reported in all but one case. Fourteen cases (73%) were treated with steroids, 5,7,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] though they were delayed in nine (64%) of those patients. 5,[11][12][13][14]16,17,19 Seventeen patients (89%) were treated with antibiotics.…”