Abstract:Natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites were prepared by filling cornmeal graphene (CGE) to improve its mechanical properties and thermal properties, and CGE was modified with coupling agents to improve its dispersion in NR. The mechanical properties, wear resistance, thermal stability, and morphology of CGE/NR nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that when NR was 100 phr (parts per hundred rubbers), the CGE was 0.02 phr, and the coupling agent KH590 was 2 phr, the thermal stability and mechanical proper… Show more
“…Weili et al reported an interesting study influence of renewable resource-based cornmeal graphene on the mechanical and physical properties of rubber formulation, Fig. 9 [ 90 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Green Tyres Industry: An Overviewmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 9 a Method modifying NR using Cornmeal Graphene, b Improved thermal stability using Cornmeal Graphene, c Improved mechanical properties using Cornmeal Graphene [ 90 ] …”
Section: Green Tyres Industry: An Overviewmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Another coupling agent KH590 (2phr) was modified with 0.02phr cornmeal graphene and this modified coupling agent is used in the NR composites to improve wear resistance and thermal stability. Without a coupling agent, the cornmeal graphene was forming agglomerates in the NR composites and after modification with a coupling agent reduces the number of double bonds in the composites thereby improving decomposition temperature up to 37 °C [ 90 ]. Xu et al studied the interfacial interaction between ENR and silica in NR/silica composites without any silane coupling agent.…”
Section: Green Tyres Industry: An Overviewmentioning
Growing natural calamities as a consequence of global warming are one of the most pondering subjects today. The exponential growth of environmental pollution due to unscientific human exploitation of natural resources is considered the prime reason for the harsh responses of nature. Researchers from various fields of industry and academia are working hard to develop and implement products/technologies that are environmentally friendly or less harmful to the ecosystem. Material researchers, specifically those working in the automobile sector are also not behind in search of green products from eco-friendly raw materials and production methods. The automobile industry is collectively responsible for around 40% of global pollution in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Out of which around 20–30% is originating from tyre production and its end-use. In this view, tyre production from eco-friendly raw materials and technologies that have minimum hazardousness to the environment is a hot research topic today. A few products in the market with “green” tags and many are in the pipeline for the recent future. This review summarises a detailed discussion of the emerging green technologies for tyre production and depicted comprehensive data from the available literature. The paper has been drafted from a well-balanced academic and industrial point of view since the researchers from both sectors are working in harmony for a better future for green tyre technology.
“…Weili et al reported an interesting study influence of renewable resource-based cornmeal graphene on the mechanical and physical properties of rubber formulation, Fig. 9 [ 90 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Green Tyres Industry: An Overviewmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 9 a Method modifying NR using Cornmeal Graphene, b Improved thermal stability using Cornmeal Graphene, c Improved mechanical properties using Cornmeal Graphene [ 90 ] …”
Section: Green Tyres Industry: An Overviewmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Another coupling agent KH590 (2phr) was modified with 0.02phr cornmeal graphene and this modified coupling agent is used in the NR composites to improve wear resistance and thermal stability. Without a coupling agent, the cornmeal graphene was forming agglomerates in the NR composites and after modification with a coupling agent reduces the number of double bonds in the composites thereby improving decomposition temperature up to 37 °C [ 90 ]. Xu et al studied the interfacial interaction between ENR and silica in NR/silica composites without any silane coupling agent.…”
Section: Green Tyres Industry: An Overviewmentioning
Growing natural calamities as a consequence of global warming are one of the most pondering subjects today. The exponential growth of environmental pollution due to unscientific human exploitation of natural resources is considered the prime reason for the harsh responses of nature. Researchers from various fields of industry and academia are working hard to develop and implement products/technologies that are environmentally friendly or less harmful to the ecosystem. Material researchers, specifically those working in the automobile sector are also not behind in search of green products from eco-friendly raw materials and production methods. The automobile industry is collectively responsible for around 40% of global pollution in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Out of which around 20–30% is originating from tyre production and its end-use. In this view, tyre production from eco-friendly raw materials and technologies that have minimum hazardousness to the environment is a hot research topic today. A few products in the market with “green” tags and many are in the pipeline for the recent future. This review summarises a detailed discussion of the emerging green technologies for tyre production and depicted comprehensive data from the available literature. The paper has been drafted from a well-balanced academic and industrial point of view since the researchers from both sectors are working in harmony for a better future for green tyre technology.
“… 1 However, the disadvantages of NR are its low heat, oxygen, and oil resistance, mainly because of its unsaturated chain structure. 2 In addition, it does not perform well when exposed to oils and hydrocarbon solvents due to its non-polar character, 3 having limitations in demanding applications. Epoxidation of NR (ENR), using peracid produced in situ , is the reaction to convert the unsaturated units into epoxide rings, which have turned out to be an attractive material.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Natural rubber (NR) obtained from Hevea brasiliensis is a renewable material possessing excellent characteristics such as high tensile strength due to its ability to crystallize upon stretching . However, the disadvantages of NR are its low heat, oxygen, and oil resistance, mainly because of its unsaturated chain structure . In addition, it does not perform well when exposed to oils and hydrocarbon solvents due to its non-polar character, having limitations in demanding applications.…”
Epoxidized natural
rubber (ENR) with 50% mol of epoxide groups
was synthesized using performic acid generated from the reaction of
formic acid/hydrogen peroxide in latex form followed by hydrogenation
using diimide generated from hydrazine (N
2
H
4
) and hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) with boric acid
(H
3
BO
3
) as a catalyst. The resulting products
(hydrogenated epoxidized natural rubber, HENR) were characterized
by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (
1
H-NMR),
gel testing, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
The effects of reaction parameters such as N
2
H
4
amount, H
2
O
2
amount, H
3
BO
3
amount, gelatin amount, reaction time, and reaction temperature
on the percentage of hydrogenation degree and gel content were investigated.
The transmission electron micrographs of the particles confirmed a
core/shell structure consisting of a highly unsaturated concentration
region as the core encapsulated by a low carbon–carbon double
bond concentration region as the shell, which indicated that the rubber
particle seemed to be modified from the outer layer to the center
of the rubber particle. Overall, the data showed that an increase
in the amount of the individual chemicals, reaction time, and temperature
increased the hydrogenation degree. However, a higher level of gelatin
retarded an increase in the percentage of hydrogenation degree. As
the hydrogenation degree increased, the gel content increased due
to the ether linkage and the crosslinking reaction triggered through
hydroxyl radicals. From DSC measurements, the glass transition temperatures
of hydrogenated products increased above those of original rubbers.
The thermal stability of hydrogenated products was improved, demonstrated
by a decomposition temperature shift to a higher temperature than
ENR, as shown by the results from the thermogravimetric analysis.
Therefore, the hydrogenated ENR (HENR) exhibited good thermal stability,
which could extend the applications of ENR in the automotive and oil
industries.
In recent years, countries worldwide have engaged actively in the research and development of green and sustainable materials in the face of the increasing depletion of petroleum resources, the need to reduce material waste, and the environmental pollution caused by the various types of waste. In the tire industry, the key materials for the various components of tires are mostly dependent on petroleum resources. Development of green tires and green processing technologies using sustainable materials is an important development direction for the future of the tire industry, and many tire‐manufacturing companies have proposed their visions for the development of eco‐friendly tires. Rubber, cord fabric, and additives are the main materials used in tire manufacturing. This article summarizes the research status of the green materials that can meet the requirements of environmental friendliness and sustainability, replace traditional materials, and reduce petroleum resource consumption in existing tire production. These materials mainly include natural rubber or bio‐based synthetic rubber, green renewable cord fabrics, and green processing additives. The prospects for the application of these new green materials in tire manufacturing are also discussed.
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