Coronaviridae: a review of coronaviruses and toroviruses

Coronaviruses in poultry and other birds

“…When this spike-swapped recombinant was inoculated (by nose and eye drop) into chickens, it was still nonpathogenic */although it did stimulate protective immunity against challenge by M41 (Hodgson et al ., 2004). In addition to the four structural proteins (S, E, M and N) that are possessed by all coronaviruses, Group 2 coronaviruses contain a fourth membrane-associated protein, the haemagglutinin-esterase protein (reviewed by Enjuanes et al ., 2000;Cavanagh, 2005). The order of the structural protein genes within the genome is the same for all coronaviruses (Figure 2).…”

“…One of the other great scourges of poultry, Newcastle disease virus, has also been studied not only in the context of disease within domestic fowl (Meulemans et al ., 2002;Nakamura et al ., 2004), but also in turkeys (Wehmann et al ., 2003), pigeons and doves (Aldous et al ., 2003(Aldous et al ., , 2004Barbezange & Jestin, 2003, 2005Terregino et al ., 2003), geese (Wan et al ., 2004), ducks (Aldous et al ., 2003), and other species, including sea birds (Lee et al ., 2004b) and parrots (Kommers et al ., 2003).…”

“…The virus has also been shown to replicate in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis ), ferrets (Mustela furo ), domestic cats (Felis domesticus ) and mice (Mus musculus ) (see references in Cavanagh, 2005) Coronaviruses had often been described as being fastidious. This claim arose from the difficulty that virologists had experienced in finding types of cells in which to grow coronaviruses in vitro.…”

“…The number of such genes varies among coronaviruses, including among species within a given group (reviewed by Enjuanes et al ., 2000;Cavanagh, 2005). In the case of IBV, TCoV and PhCoV there are two such genes, numbers 3 and 5 (Boursnell et al ., 1987;Breslin et al ., 1999a;Cavanagh et al ., 2001Cavanagh et al ., , 2002.…”

Diversidade gênica do coronavírus felino em populações virais entéricas e sistêmicas intra e inter-hospedeiros

“…Os vírions dos coronavírus possuem pouca quantidade de uma proteína pequena associada à membrana, a proteína E, que junto com a M é essencial para a formação da partícula viral. A proteína N apresenta-se intimamente associada com o genoma, conferindo certa proteção para o mesmo (CAVANAGH, 2005).…”