“…The following information was obtained using a standardized survey form: sociodemographic data such as age, gender, ethnicity, highest education attained, occupation personal gross monthly income (less than $4,000 vs. ≥$4,000), housing type (public vs. private), language spoken at home (English, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil, others) and frequency of visits to healthcare institutions such as clinic or hospital in the past 6 months. Health literacy was assessed using the HLS-EU-Q47 questionnaire, a 47-item survey with each item rated on a 4-point Likert scale for perceived level of difficulty in the competencies of accessing, understanding, evaluating, and applying healthcare-related information in the domains of healthcare, disease prevention, and health promotion [ 15 , 17 ]. It had good construct validity, item-scale convergent validity, internal consistency, and no floor or ceiling effect [ 17 ].…”