Coronaviruses, Toroviruses, and Arteriviruses

Siddell, Stuart G.; Ziebuhr, John; Snijder, Eric J.

doi:10.1002/9780470688618.taw0245

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 378 publications

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“…Coronaviruses belong to the virus family Coronaviridae and are enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses. The coronavirus genome is approximately 31 Kb, making these viruses the largest known RNA viruses [1,2]. Coronaviruses infect a variety of host species, including humans and several other vertebrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology

2017

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Human coronaviruses (hCoVs) can be divided into low pathogenic and highly pathogenic coronaviruses. The low pathogenic CoVs infect the upper respiratory tract and cause mild, cold-like respiratory illness. In contrast, highly pathogenic hCoVs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) predominantly infect lower airways and cause fatal pneumonia. Severe pneumonia caused by pathogenic hCoVs is often associated with rapid virus replication, massive inflammatory cell infiltration and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses resulting in acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Recent studies in experimentally infected animal strongly suggest a crucial role for virus-induced immunopathological events in causing fatal pneumonia after hCoV infections. Here we review the current understanding of how a dysregulated immune response may cause lung immunopathology leading to deleterious clinical manifestations after pathogenic hCoV infections.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology

2017

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“…Toroviruses are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Nidovirales order, which have been taxonomically classified into four viral families: Arteriviridae, Roniviridae, Mesoviridae and Coronaviridae (http:// ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp). The latter encompasses viruses with the largest genome known among RNA viruses (26-32 kb) (Gorbalenya et al, 2006;Siddell et al, 2010;King et al, 2012) and includes two subfamilies called Coronaviridae (genera Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus and Gammacoronavirus) and Torovirinae (genera Bafinivirus and Torovirus).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural characterization of membranous torovirus replication factories

Ávila‐Pérez

Rejas

Rodrı́guez

2016

Cellular Microbiology

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Plus-stranded RNA viruses replicate in the cytosol of infected cells, in membrane-bound replication complexes containing the replicase proteins, the viral RNA and host proteins. The formation of the replication and transcription complexes (RTCs) through the rearrangement of cellular membranes is currently being actively studied for viruses belonging to different viral families. In this work, we identified double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) in the cytoplasm of cells infected with the equine torovirus Berne virus (BEV), the prototype member of the Torovirus genus (Coronaviridae family, Nidovirales order). Using confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we observed a close relationship between the RTCs and the DMVs of BEV. The examination of BEV-infected cells revealed that the replicase proteins colocalize with each other and with newly synthesized RNA and are associated to the membrane rearrangement induced by BEV. However, the double-stranded RNA, an intermediate of viral replication, is exclusively limited to the interior of DMVs. Our results with BEV resemble those obtained with other related viruses in the Nidovirales order, thus providing new evidence to support the idea that nidoviruses share a common replicative structure based on the DMV arranged clusters.

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“…Recently, molecular biology methods were used to identify this mosquito-borne virus as possessing a 20.192 kb genome, the largest genome among non-segmented single-stranded RNA viruses of insects, and its characteristics have defined NDiV as the prototype of a new member of the order Nidovirales (Nga et al, 2011). Members of the Nidovirales have a wide range of hosts including crustaceans, fishes, birds and a variety of mammals (Siddell et al, 2005). They included the Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae and Roniviridae families that are known to re-arrange host cell membranes for the purpose of replication and assembly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new nidovirus (NamDinh virus NDiV): Its ultrastructural characterization in the C6/36 mosquito cell line

et al. 2013

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We describe the ultrastructure of the NamDinh virus (NDiV), a new member of the order Nidovirales grown in the C6/36 mosquito cell line. Uninfected and NDiV-infected cells were investigated by electron microscopy 24-48 h after infection. The results show that the viral nucleocapsid-like particles form clusters concentrated in the vacuoles, the endoplasmic reticulum, and are scattered in the cytoplasm. Mature virions of NDiV were released as budding particles on the cell surface where viral components appear to lie beneath and along the plasma membrane. Free homogeneous virus particles were obtained by ultracentrifugation on sucrose gradients of culture fluids. The size of the round-shaped particles with a complete internal structure was 80 nm in diameter. This is the first study to provide information on the morphogenesis and ultrastructure of the first insect nidovirus NDiV, a missing evolutionary link in the emergence of the viruses with the largest RNA genomes.

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Coronaviruses, Toroviruses, and Arteriviruses

Cited by 23 publications

References 378 publications

Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology

Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology

Ultrastructural characterization of membranous torovirus replication factories

A new nidovirus (NamDinh virus NDiV): Its ultrastructural characterization in the C6/36 mosquito cell line

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