“…6 Columns (3) and (4) of Table 7 present the subsample results of estimating Equation 1 for high-Z and low-Z groups. Our third measure of financial constraint, following the literature (Carpenter, Fazzari, Petersen, Kashyap, & Friedman, 1994;Faulkender & Wang, 2006;Liu & Mauer, 2011), is firm size. We measure firm size based on a firm's net assets, that is, total assets minus cash and short-term investments.…”