“…The application of digital technology has enhanced the information environment within enterprises, effectively mitigating the issue of information asymmetry ( Niu et al, 2023 ). By enhancing the transparency of financial information and internal controls ( Goldfarb and Tucker, 2019 ), shareholders are empowered to more effectively monitor operational conditions and inhibit the short-sighted opportunistic behavior of managers ( Li et al, 2024 ). Therefore, as a crucial tool for management and supervision ( Obwegeser et al, 2020 ), digital technology can effectively mitigate the management entrenchment associated with staggered boards, reduce the opportunistic behavior of the management, enhance the efficiency of managerial decision-making processes, and thereby restrain excessive financial investments by enterprises.…”