“…Prior studies reported that managers perform earnings management primarily for the purpose of enhancing their interests instead of stockholders' wealth (Dechow, Sloan & Sweeney, 1995;Rhee, Sloan & Sweeney, 2012;Rhee, Yoo & Cha, 2016). However, in the case of Chinese companies, they also have a more unique purpose in carrying out earnings management under socialist conditions (Liu & Lu, 2007;Zho, Choi & Yeom, 2013;Xu & Rhee, 2018). China is a socialist country and very distinct from capitalist countries.…”