“…Therefore, we correct for potential endogeneity biases using the instrumental variable technique. Pursuant to earlier studies, we use the initial firm-level CSR score (denoted First_CSR) and the industry average CSR value (denoted Ind_CSR) as instruments (see Attig, Cleary, El Ghoul, & Guedhami, 2014;Attig, El Ghoul, Guedhami, & Suh, 2013;El Ghoul, Guedhami, Kim, & Park, 2016;El Ghoul et al, 2011). The rationale is that these instruments are highly correlated with contemporaneous CSR investment because CSR is path-dependent, and are likely to be exogenous given that they are predetermined.…”