“…Similarly, firm characteristics such as size (Chiu & Wang, 2015;Giannarakis, 2014a;Klapper & Love, 2004;Ting, 2021;Velte, 2016), leverage (Ahmed & Courtis, 1999;Baldini et al, 2018;Barako et al, 2006;Khanchel, 2007), cash holdings (Arouri & Pijourlet, 2017;Cheung, 2016;Jadiyappa et al, 2021;Lu et al, 2017), and profitability (Collett & Hrasky, 2005;Cormier & Magnan, 1999;Gamerschlag et al, 2011;Giannarakis, 2014a) are found to be related to ESG ratings. A recent study by Abdul Rahman and Alsayegh (2021) who examine the Asian listed firms indicate that economic performance, size, leverage and profitability are found to be positively related to firms' disclosure of additional ESG information.…”