“…Many studies have examined the relationship between CSR and tax avoidance across different countries. While some studies support corporate culture theory (Richardson and Lanis, 2011; Lanis and Richardson, 2012/2015; Hoi et al., 2013; Jones et al., 2017; Karthikeyan and Jain, 2017; Gulzar et al., 2018; Lee, 2020), others support risk management theory (Zeng, 2016; Marsdenia and Martani, 2018; Col and Patel, 2019; Mao, 2019; Abdelfattah and Aboud, 2020; Abid and Dammak, 2021; Jiang et. al., 2022; Khan et.…”