“…Based on our results, together with CSR practices of Chinese manufacturing MNCs, several managerial suggestions are proposed. First, within an African context, social issues are overwhelmingly at the top of CSR agendas as they play a critical role in addressing the developmental needs of these countries (Hayes, 2006; Okoye, 2022). With high levels of poverty, inequality, and social exclusion, MNCs operating on the African continent are under increased pressure to fill the gaps in social provision and governance within those countries (Baughn et al, 2007; Dobers & Halme, 2009).…”