Corrected Estimation of the Transformer Winding Eddy Losses for Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Plant Application

Thango, Bonginkosi A.; Akuru, Udochukwu B.; Nnachi, Agha Francis

doi:10.1109/icecet52533.2021.9698754

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The load loss values (P cc ) of three-phase distribution transformers can be obtained directly, by applying the IEEE Standard C57.110 [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and other well-known standards [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32], or, indirectly, based on their short-circuit resistances referred to as the secondary resistance (R cc ), according to the following expression:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisited Concept of Three-Phase Transformers’ Short-Circuit Resistances in Light of the Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard C57.110-2018

León-Martínez,

Peñalvo-López,

Sáiz-Jiménez

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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Short-circuit resistances are transformer parameters that characterize the electrical load losses and correct operation of these machines. However, the traditional concept of short-circuit resistance, independent of the harmonic frequencies, has been superseded by present transformer standards. Hence, new expressions for short-circuit resistances of three-phase transformers have been developed in this article based on the IEEE Standard C57.110-2018 and are presented jointly with the losses that these resistances characterize. These refer to the secondary effective short-circuit resistance of each phase (Rcc,z), of each harmonic (Rcc,h), and the non-fundamental frequency combined harmonics (Rcc,Hz). Likewise, the harmonic loss factor (HLFz%) has been established to determine the importance of the harmonics in each phase’s load losses. The application of these short-circuit resistances to the calculation of the load losses for a 630 kVA transformer from an actual residential distribution network has shown that the same values are obtained as with the IEEE Standard C57.110-2018, and they are 48.75% higher than those recorded with the traditional short-circuit resistances when the current distortion rates are 36.47%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisited Concept of Three-Phase Transformers’ Short-Circuit Resistances in Light of the Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard C57.110-2018

León-Martínez,

Peñalvo-López,

Sáiz-Jiménez

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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“…Furthermore, the losses caused by non-sinusoidal currents do not evolve in the same way as those produced by sinusoidal currents. The latter depend on the Root Mean Square (RMS) value of currents, while the losses caused by non-sinusoidal currents also depend on the frequency of the harmonics of these currents [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. The IEEE Standard C57.110-2018 [24,25] establishes that, in the presence of non-sinusoidal currents, the load losses (P LL ) of the transformers are the sum of three others:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In dry-type transformers, as listed in the ANSI/UL Standard 1561-1562 [26,27], Other Stray Losses (P OSL ) are considered to be negligible [19,26,27]. This consideration has also been extended to oil-immersed transformers in papers [16,17,22,28] and transformer manufacturers [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Load Losses Caused by Harmonic Currents in Distribution Transformers Using the Transformer Loss Calculator Software

León-Martínez,

Peñalvo-López,

Montañana-Romeu

et al. 2023

Environments

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Transformer load losses cause various adverse effects, such as derating, a decreased lifetime, and greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, the load losses caused by non-linear loads on distribution transformers are analyzed. For this study, the load loss expressions provided by the IEEE Standard C57.110 and ANSI/UL 1561-1562 were adapted to the usual case where the transformer currents differ in each phase. The novel load loss expressions adapted from the IEEE Standard C57.110 were applied using the software known as the “Transformer Loss Calculator” (TLC), implemented with LabVIEW. For the application of new load loss expressions, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were determined by multiplying the load losses by the emission factors of each country. The experimental results are based on the recordings made by a FLUKE 435 Series II analyzer on the second of two 1000 kVA transformers, feeding real residential distribution networks with very differently distorted loads. An analysis of these transformers shows that the annual energy losses and CO2 emissions obtained from the adapted load loss expressions could be more than 5% of those determined by the original IEEE and ANSI Standard expressions. Due to these percentage loss and emission differences, it is advisable to use the TLC software in transformer monitoring instruments.

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Corrected Estimation of the Transformer Winding Eddy Losses for Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Plant Application

Cited by 2 publications

References 7 publications

Revisited Concept of Three-Phase Transformers’ Short-Circuit Resistances in Light of the Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard C57.110-2018

Revisited Concept of Three-Phase Transformers’ Short-Circuit Resistances in Light of the Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard C57.110-2018

Assessment of Load Losses Caused by Harmonic Currents in Distribution Transformers Using the Transformer Loss Calculator Software

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